Question 1

To meet a zygote's metabolic and developmental requirements,

Accepted Answer

A)  maternal RNA and maternal proteins must be present. 
B)  paternal RNA and maternal proteins must be present. 
C)  the haploid DNA in the nucleus must be transcribed. 
D)  the nucleus must have hundreds of copies of every gene, allowing a high rate of gene expression. 
E)  the zygote must continuously undergo endocytosis of proteins to take them from its environment. 
A)  maternal RNA and maternal proteins must be present. 
B)  paternal RNA and maternal proteins must be present. 
C)  the haploid DNA in the nucleus must be transcribed. 
D)  the nucleus must have hundreds of copies of every gene, allowing a high rate of gene expression. 
E)  the zygote must continuously undergo endocytosis of proteins to take them from its environment.

Question 2

Even in the absence of sperm, metabolic activity in an egg can be artificially activated by

Accepted Answer

A)  abnormally high levels of carbonic acid in the cytosol. 
B)  abnormally low levels of extracellular oxygen. 
C)  injection of calcium ions into the cytosol. 
D)  exposure to the low pH of the uterus. 
E)  depletion of its ATP supplies. 
A)  abnormally high levels of carbonic acid in the cytosol. 
B)  abnormally low levels of extracellular oxygen. 
C)  injection of calcium ions into the cytosol. 
D)  exposure to the low pH of the uterus. 
E)  depletion of its ATP supplies.

Question 3

Compared to sea urchin eggs, those of mammals

Accepted Answer

A)  complete the fertilization process more rapidly. 
B)  have not already completed meiosis at the time of ovulation. 
C)  have a more distinct animal pole. 
D)  have a more distinct vegetal pole 
E)  have no requirement for the cortical reaction. 
A)  complete the fertilization process more rapidly. 
B)  have not already completed meiosis at the time of ovulation. 
C)  have a more distinct animal pole. 
D)  have a more distinct vegetal pole 
E)  have no requirement for the cortical reaction.

Question 4

The term applied to a morphogenetic process whereby cells extend themselves, making the mass of the cells narrower and longer, is

Accepted Answer

A)  convergent extension. 
B)  induction. 
C)  elongational streaming. 
D)  bi-axial elongation. 
E)  blastomere formation. 
A)  convergent extension. 
B)  induction. 
C)  elongational streaming. 
D)  bi-axial elongation. 
E)  blastomere formation.

Question 5

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?

Accepted Answer

A)  gastrulation → organogenesis → cleavage 
B)  ovulation → gastrulation → fertilization 
C)  cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis 
D)  gastrulation → blastulation → neurulation 
E)  preformation → morphogenesis → neurulation 
A)  gastrulation → organogenesis → cleavage 
B)  ovulation → gastrulation → fertilization 
C)  cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis 
D)  gastrulation → blastulation → neurulation 
E)  preformation → morphogenesis → neurulation

Question 6

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Accepted Answer

A)  is composed of a single cell, in which the developmental origin of each protein has been mapped. 
B)  is composed of about 1,000 cells, in which the developmental origin of each cell has been mapped. 
C)  has only a single chromosome, which has been fully sequenced. 
D)  has about 1,000 genes, each of which has been fully sequenced. 
E)  uniquely, among animals, utilizes programmed cell death during normal development. 
A)  is composed of a single cell, in which the developmental origin of each protein has been mapped. 
B)  is composed of about 1,000 cells, in which the developmental origin of each cell has been mapped. 
C)  has only a single chromosome, which has been fully sequenced. 
D)  has about 1,000 genes, each of which has been fully sequenced. 
E)  uniquely, among animals, utilizes programmed cell death during normal development.

Question 7

Meroblastic cleavage occurs in

Accepted Answer

A)  sea urchins, but not humans or birds. 
B)  humans, but not sea urchins or birds. 
C)  birds, but not sea urchins or humans. 
D)  both sea urchins and birds, but not humans. 
E)  both humans and birds, but not sea urchins. 
A)  sea urchins, but not humans or birds. 
B)  humans, but not sea urchins or birds. 
C)  birds, but not sea urchins or humans. 
D)  both sea urchins and birds, but not humans. 
E)  both humans and birds, but not sea urchins.

Question 8

The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in 3-D space defines

Accepted Answer

A)  pattern formation. 
B)  induction. 
C)  differentiation. 
D)  determination. 
E)  organogenesis. 
A)  pattern formation. 
B)  induction. 
C)  differentiation. 
D)  determination. 
E)  organogenesis.

Question 9

At the moment of sperm penetration, human eggs

Accepted Answer

A)  have used flagellar propulsion to move from the ovary to the oviduct. 
B)  accept as many sperm as possible in order to select the one with the highest fertility. 
C)  are still located within the ovary. 
D)  have a paper-thin cell of calcium carbonate that prevents desiccation. 
E)  are still surrounded by follicular cells. 
A)  have used flagellar propulsion to move from the ovary to the oviduct. 
B)  accept as many sperm as possible in order to select the one with the highest fertility. 
C)  are still located within the ovary. 
D)  have a paper-thin cell of calcium carbonate that prevents desiccation. 
E)  are still surrounded by follicular cells.

Question 10

At the time of implantation, the human embryo is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  blastocyst. 
B)  gastrula. 
C)  fetus. 
D)  somite. 
E)  zygote. 
A)  blastocyst. 
B)  gastrula. 
C)  fetus. 
D)  somite. 
E)  zygote.

Question 11

Fertilization normally

Accepted Answer

A)  reinstates diploidy. 
B)  follows gastrulation. 
C)  is required for parthenogenesis. 
D)  merges two diploid cells into one haploid cell. 
E)  precedes ovulation. 
A)  reinstates diploidy. 
B)  follows gastrulation. 
C)  is required for parthenogenesis. 
D)  merges two diploid cells into one haploid cell. 
E)  precedes ovulation.

Question 12

The vegetal pole of the zygote differs from the animal pole in that

Accepted Answer

A)  the vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yolk. 
B)  the blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole. 
C)  the posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole. 
D)  the vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis. 
E)  the polar bodies bud from this region. 
A)  the vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yolk. 
B)  the blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole. 
C)  the posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole. 
D)  the vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis. 
E)  the polar bodies bud from this region.

Exam 47: Animal Development

To meet a zygote's metabolic and developmental requirements,

Even in the absence of sperm, metabolic activity in an egg can be artificially activated by

Compared to sea urchin eggs, those of mammals

The term applied to a morphogenetic process whereby cells extend themselves, making the mass of the cells narrower and longer, is

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Meroblastic cleavage occurs in

The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in 3-D space defines

At the moment of sperm penetration, human eggs

At the time of implantation, the human embryo is called a

Fertilization normally

The vegetal pole of the zygote differs from the animal pole in that

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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