Question 1

The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by

Accepted Answer

A)  a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity. 
B)  a decrease in the residual volume of the lungs. 
C)  the contraction of the diaphragm. 
D)  the closure of the epiglottis. 
E)  the expansion of the rib cage. 
A)  a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity. 
B)  a decrease in the residual volume of the lungs. 
C)  the contraction of the diaphragm. 
D)  the closure of the epiglottis. 
E)  the expansion of the rib cage.

Question 2

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  open circulatory system. 
B)  hemocoel. 
C)  lymphatic system. 
D)  two-chambered heart. 
E)  four-chambered heart. 
A)  open circulatory system. 
B)  hemocoel. 
C)  lymphatic system. 
D)  two-chambered heart. 
E)  four-chambered heart.

Question 3

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are

Accepted Answer

A)  growth hormone and pancreas, respectively. 
B)  erythropoietin and kidney, respectively. 
C)  cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively. 
D)  epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively. 
E)  acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively. 
A)  growth hormone and pancreas, respectively. 
B)  erythropoietin and kidney, respectively. 
C)  cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively. 
D)  epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively. 
E)  acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively.

Question 4

The production of red blood cells is stimulated by

Accepted Answer

A)  low-density lipoproteins. 
B)  immunoglobulins. 
C)  erythropoietin. 
D)  epinephrine. 
E)  platelets. 
A)  low-density lipoproteins. 
B)  immunoglobulins. 
C)  erythropoietin. 
D)  epinephrine. 
E)  platelets.

Question 5

A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs. They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in the animals developing lung cancer. However, when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis, they discovered they were quite wrong in their original assessment. Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly), they knew that a more likely outcome of putting carcinogens in the air would be the development of

Accepted Answer

A)  the amphibian equivalent of hypertension. 
B)  skin cancer. 
C)  gill abnormalities in the next generation of tadpoles. 
D)  tracheal tube abnormalities. 
E)  diminished absorption of oxygen. 
A)  the amphibian equivalent of hypertension. 
B)  skin cancer. 
C)  gill abnormalities in the next generation of tadpoles. 
D)  tracheal tube abnormalities. 
E)  diminished absorption of oxygen.

Question 6

A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause

Accepted Answer

A)  an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs. 
B)  an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. 
C)  a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. 
D)  an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst. 
E)  a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs. 
A)  an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs. 
B)  an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. 
C)  a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. 
D)  an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst. 
E)  a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs.

Question 7

Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased

Accepted Answer

A)  low-density lipoproteins. 
B)  immunoglobulins. 
C)  erythropoietin. 
D)  epinephrine. 
E)  platelets. 
A)  low-density lipoproteins. 
B)  immunoglobulins. 
C)  erythropoietin. 
D)  epinephrine. 
E)  platelets.

Question 8

Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of

Accepted Answer

A)  temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. 
B)  the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells. 
C)  communication systems involving only the nervous system. 
D)  having to cushion animals from trauma. 
E)  fetal organisms maintaining an optimal body temperature. 
A)  temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. 
B)  the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells. 
C)  communication systems involving only the nervous system. 
D)  having to cushion animals from trauma. 
E)  fetal organisms maintaining an optimal body temperature.

Question 9

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)in such conditions is

Accepted Answer

A)  160 mm Hg. 
B)  16 mm Hg. 
C)  120/75. 
D)  21/760. 
E)  760/21. 
A)  160 mm Hg. 
B)  16 mm Hg. 
C)  120/75. 
D)  21/760. 
E)  760/21.

Question 10

The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is

Accepted Answer

A)  fully oxygenated blood. 
B)  plasma in which carbon dioxide has been added. 
C)  a lining of endothelial cells. 
D)  circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles. 
E)  white blood cells and platelets. 
A)  fully oxygenated blood. 
B)  plasma in which carbon dioxide has been added. 
C)  a lining of endothelial cells. 
D)  circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles. 
E)  white blood cells and platelets.

Question 11

Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is

Accepted Answer

A)  lying down after standing up. 
B)  standing up after lying down. 
C)  stressed and secreting stress hormones. 
D)  responding to increased blood pressure. 
E)  having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion. 
A)  lying down after standing up. 
B)  standing up after lying down. 
C)  stressed and secreting stress hormones. 
D)  responding to increased blood pressure. 
E)  having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion.

Question 12

Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in

Accepted Answer

A)  the cerebrum and cerebellum. 
B)  the medulla oblongata and the pons. 
C)  the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex. 
D)  the thalamus and the hypothalamus. 
E)  the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe. 
A)  the cerebrum and cerebellum. 
B)  the medulla oblongata and the pons. 
C)  the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex. 
D)  the thalamus and the hypothalamus. 
E)  the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe.

Question 13

A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the

Accepted Answer

A)  production of erythropoietin. 
B)  conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen. 
C)  activation of prothrombin to thrombin. 
D)  increase in platelets. 
E)  synthesis of hemoglobin. 
A)  production of erythropoietin. 
B)  conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen. 
C)  activation of prothrombin to thrombin. 
D)  increase in platelets. 
E)  synthesis of hemoglobin.

Question 14

A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be

Accepted Answer

A)  an animal that is small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart. 
B)  an animal with abundant lipid storage. 
C)  a species that has very wide diameter veins. 
D)  an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. 
E)  an animal that makes frequent, quick motions. 
A)  an animal that is small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart. 
B)  an animal with abundant lipid storage. 
C)  a species that has very wide diameter veins. 
D)  an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. 
E)  an animal that makes frequent, quick motions.

Question 15

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a

Accepted Answer

A)  higher PO₂. 
B)  higher PCO₂. 
C)  greater bicarbonate concentration. 
D)  lower pH. 
E)  lower osmotic pressure. 
A)  higher PO₂. 
B)  higher PCO₂. 
C)  greater bicarbonate concentration. 
D)  lower pH. 
E)  lower osmotic pressure.

Question 16

Among these choices, the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is

Accepted Answer

A)  platelets. 
B)  platelets and erythrocytes. 
C)  platelets, erythrocytes, and basophils. 
D)  platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, and neutrophils. 
E)  platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes. 
A)  platelets. 
B)  platelets and erythrocytes. 
C)  platelets, erythrocytes, and basophils. 
D)  platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, and neutrophils. 
E)  platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes.

Question 17

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross

Accepted Answer

A)  zero membranes-oxygen binds directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
B)  one membrane-that of the lining in the lungs-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
C)  two membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
D)  four membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
E)  five membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cell-to bind with hemoglobin. 
A)  zero membranes-oxygen binds directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
B)  one membrane-that of the lining in the lungs-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
C)  two membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
D)  four membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
E)  five membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cell-to bind with hemoglobin.

Question 18

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans

Accepted Answer

A)  is a major contributor to heart attacks. 
B)  would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers. 
C)  would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance. 
D)  would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions. 
E)  would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta. 
A)  is a major contributor to heart attacks. 
B)  would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers. 
C)  would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance. 
D)  would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions. 
E)  would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta.

Question 19

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

Accepted Answer

A)  amphibians. 
B)  birds. 
C)  fishes. 
D)  mammals. 
E)  reptiles. 
A)  amphibians. 
B)  birds. 
C)  fishes. 
D)  mammals. 
E)  reptiles.

Question 20

The plasma proteins in humans

Accepted Answer

A)  maintain the blood's osmotic pressure. 
B)  transport water-soluble lipids. 
C)  carry out gas exchange. 
D)  undergo aerobic metabolism. 
E)  transport oxygen. 
A)  maintain the blood's osmotic pressure. 
B)  transport water-soluble lipids. 
C)  carry out gas exchange. 
D)  undergo aerobic metabolism. 
E)  transport oxygen.

Exam 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are

The production of red blood cells is stimulated by

A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause

Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased

Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)in such conditions is

The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is

Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is

Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in

A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the

A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a

Among these choices, the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

The plasma proteins in humans

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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