Question 1

If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then

Accepted Answer

A)  hemoglobin will not release oxygen. 
B)  fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues. 
C)  the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase. 
D)  most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues. 
E)  plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries. 
A)  hemoglobin will not release oxygen. 
B)  fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues. 
C)  the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase. 
D)  most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues. 
E)  plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries.

Question 2

After several weeks of exercise, a human athlete's resting heart rate is typically lower than before because

Accepted Answer

A)  the body needs less oxygen than before. 
B)  the body temperature has increased. 
C)  the stroke volume has increased. 
D)  the cardiac output has decreased. 
E)  the body produces less carbon dioxide than before. 
A)  the body needs less oxygen than before. 
B)  the body temperature has increased. 
C)  the stroke volume has increased. 
D)  the cardiac output has decreased. 
E)  the body produces less carbon dioxide than before.

Question 3

The blood pressure is lowest in the

Accepted Answer

A)  aorta. 
B)  arteries. 
C)  arterioles. 
D)  capillaries. 
E)  venae cavae. 
A)  aorta. 
B)  arteries. 
C)  arterioles. 
D)  capillaries. 
E)  venae cavae.

Question 4

A stroke volume in the heart of 70 mL/cycle, with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute, results in a cardiac output of

Accepted Answer

A)  5 L/minute. 
B)  504 mL/minute. 
C)  0.5 L/minute. 
D)  50 L/minute. 
E)  500 L/minute. 
A)  5 L/minute. 
B)  504 mL/minute. 
C)  0.5 L/minute. 
D)  50 L/minute. 
E)  500 L/minute.

Question 5

When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO₂ is

Accepted Answer

A)  400 mm Hg. 
B)  82 mm Hg. 
C)  40 mm Hg. 
D)  21 mm Hg. 
E)  4 mm Hg. 
A)  400 mm Hg. 
B)  82 mm Hg. 
C)  40 mm Hg. 
D)  21 mm Hg. 
E)  4 mm Hg.

Question 6

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

Accepted Answer

A)  systole of the left atrium 
B)  diastole of the right ventricle 
C)  systole of the left ventricle 
D)  diastole of the right atrium 
E)  diastole of the left atrium 
A)  systole of the left atrium 
B)  diastole of the right ventricle 
C)  systole of the left ventricle 
D)  diastole of the right atrium 
E)  diastole of the left atrium

Question 7

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

Accepted Answer

A)  the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. 
B)  the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. 
C)  gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. 
D)  pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. 
E)  a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes. 
A)  the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. 
B)  the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. 
C)  gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. 
D)  pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. 
E)  a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes.

Question 8

Pulse is a direct measure of

Accepted Answer

A)  blood pressure. 
B)  stroke volume. 
C)  cardiac output. 
D)  heart rate. 
E)  breathing rate. 
A)  blood pressure. 
B)  stroke volume. 
C)  cardiac output. 
D)  heart rate. 
E)  breathing rate.

Question 9

An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to

Accepted Answer

A)  hemoglobin. 
B)  bicarbonate ions. 
C)  carbonic acid. 
D)  actin and myosin. 
E)  myoglobin. 
A)  hemoglobin. 
B)  bicarbonate ions. 
C)  carbonic acid. 
D)  actin and myosin. 
E)  myoglobin.

Question 10

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

Accepted Answer

A)  the partial pressure of oxygen. 
B)  the partial pressure of carbon monoxide. 
C)  hemoglobin concentration. 
D)  temperature. 
E)  pH. 
A)  the partial pressure of oxygen. 
B)  the partial pressure of carbon monoxide. 
C)  hemoglobin concentration. 
D)  temperature. 
E)  pH.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?

Accepted Answer

A)  left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation 
B)  right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation 
C)  pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit 
D)  vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit 
E)  right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle 
A)  left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation 
B)  right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation 
C)  pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit 
D)  vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit 
E)  right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle

Question 12

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of

Accepted Answer

A)  500 mL/minute. 
B)  1,000 mL/minute. 
C)  1,750 mL/minute. 
D)  2,800 mL/minute. 
E)  4,800 mL/minute. 
A)  500 mL/minute. 
B)  1,000 mL/minute. 
C)  1,750 mL/minute. 
D)  2,800 mL/minute. 
E)  4,800 mL/minute.

Question 13

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

Accepted Answer

A)  the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. 
B)  the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. 
C)  the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. 
D)  the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. 
E)  the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system. 
A)  the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. 
B)  the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. 
C)  the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. 
D)  the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. 
E)  the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.

Question 14

Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas content?

Accepted Answer

A)  the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein 
B)  the veins from the right and left legs 
C)  the pulmonary artery and the vena cava 
D)  the pulmonary vein and the aorta 
E)  the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava 
A)  the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein 
B)  the veins from the right and left legs 
C)  the pulmonary artery and the vena cava 
D)  the pulmonary vein and the aorta 
E)  the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava

Question 15

Blood entering a capillary bed of an unusual vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors, as shown in Figure 42.1.
   
Figure 42.1
-For this unusual capillary bed,

Accepted Answer

A)  the pH is lower on the arterial side than on the venous side. 
B)  oxygen is taken up by the erythrocytes within the capillaries. 
C)  the osmotic pressure remains constant due to carbon dioxide compensation. 
D)  the hydrostatic pressure declines from the arterial side to the venous side because oxygen is lost. 
E)  fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side. 
A)  the pH is lower on the arterial side than on the venous side. 
B)  oxygen is taken up by the erythrocytes within the capillaries. 
C)  the osmotic pressure remains constant due to carbon dioxide compensation. 
D)  the hydrostatic pressure declines from the arterial side to the venous side because oxygen is lost. 
E)  fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side.

Question 16

The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to

Accepted Answer

A)  that of birds, with a four-chambered heart. 
B)  the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber. 
C)  that of reptiles, with one pumping chamber driving blood flow to a gas-exchange organ, and a different pumping chamber driving blood to the rest of the circulation. 
D)  that of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment. 
E)  that of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow. 
A)  that of birds, with a four-chambered heart. 
B)  the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber. 
C)  that of reptiles, with one pumping chamber driving blood flow to a gas-exchange organ, and a different pumping chamber driving blood to the rest of the circulation. 
D)  that of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment. 
E)  that of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow.

Question 17

Fluid is filtered out of the bloodstream into the surrounding interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries because

Accepted Answer

A)  the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood. 
B)  the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid. 
C)  the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood. 
D)  the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. 
E)  the osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid. 
A)  the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood. 
B)  the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid. 
C)  the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood. 
D)  the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. 
E)  the osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid.

Question 18

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

Accepted Answer

A)  the lungs of a vertebrate 
B)  the gills of a fish 
C)  the tracheal system of an insect 
D)  the skin of an earthworm 
E)  the parapodia of a polychaete worm 
A)  the lungs of a vertebrate 
B)  the gills of a fish 
C)  the tracheal system of an insect 
D)  the skin of an earthworm 
E)  the parapodia of a polychaete worm

Question 19

The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is

Accepted Answer

A)  the arteries. 
B)  the arterioles. 
C)  the metarterioles. 
D)  the capillaries. 
E)  the veins. 
A)  the arteries. 
B)  the arterioles. 
C)  the metarterioles. 
D)  the capillaries. 
E)  the veins.

Question 20

An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the

Accepted Answer

A)  animal had evolved from birds. 
B)  animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate. 
C)  animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles. 
D)  animal was likely an invertebrate animal. 
E)  species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure. 
A)  animal had evolved from birds. 
B)  animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate. 
C)  animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles. 
D)  animal was likely an invertebrate animal. 
E)  species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure.

Exam 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then

After several weeks of exercise, a human athlete's resting heart rate is typically lower than before because

The blood pressure is lowest in the

A stroke volume in the heart of 70 mL/cycle, with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute, results in a cardiac output of

When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO₂ is

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

Pulse is a direct measure of

An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas content?

Blood entering a capillary bed of an unusual vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors, as shown in Figure 42.1. Figure 42.1 -For this unusual capillary bed,

The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to

Fluid is filtered out of the bloodstream into the surrounding interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries because

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is

An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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