Question 1

Some A are not non-B. (F) Contradiction

Accepted Answer

A)  All A are non-B. (T) 
B)  Some A are non-B. (T) 
C)  Some B are not non-A. (F) 
D)  Some A are non-B. (T). 
E)  Some A are B. (T) 
A)  All A are non-B. (T) 
B)  Some A are non-B. (T) 
C)  Some B are not non-A. (F) 
D)  Some A are non-B. (T). 
E)  Some A are B. (T)

Question 2

She says what's on her mind.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some things she says are things on her mind. 
B)  Some things that are on her mind are not things she says. 
C)  All things she says are things that are on her mind. 
D)  All persons identical to her say what is on their mind. 
E)  All things that are on her mind are things she says. 
A)  Some things she says are things on her mind. 
B)  Some things that are on her mind are not things she says. 
C)  All things she says are things that are on her mind. 
D)  All persons identical to her say what is on their mind. 
E)  All things that are on her mind are things she says.

Question 3

Some antidepressants are not safe medications for children. Therefore, some antidepressants are unsafe medications for children.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
A)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation.

Question 4

Some A are not non-B. (F) Some A are non-B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contradictory. (T) 
B)  Contrary. (T) 
C)  Contrary. (Und.) 
D)  Subcontrary. (T) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
A)  Contradictory. (T) 
B)  Contrary. (T) 
C)  Contrary. (Und.) 
D)  Subcontrary. (T) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.)

Question 5

No A are non-B. (T) No B are non-A.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contraposition. (T) 
B)  Obversion. (T) 
C)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
D)  Conversion. (T) 
E)  Conversion. (Und.) 
A)  Contraposition. (T) 
B)  Obversion. (T) 
C)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
D)  Conversion. (T) 
E)  Conversion. (Und.)

Question 6

No non-A are B. (F) No B are non-A.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
B)  Contrary. (Und.) 
C)  Conversion. (F) 
D)  Conversion. (Und.) 
E)  Contraposition. (F) 
A)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
B)  Contrary. (Und.) 
C)  Conversion. (F) 
D)  Conversion. (Und.) 
E)  Contraposition. (F)

Question 7

It is false that no snow storms are exhilarating events. Therefore, all snow storms are exhilarating events.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation.

Question 8

Apples are not sweet unless they are ripe.

Accepted Answer

A)  No apples that are not sweet are ripe apples. 
B)  All sweet apples are ripe apples. 
C)  All ripe apples are sweet apples. 
D)  All sweet apples are ripe apples, and all apples that are not ripe are apples that are not sweet. 
E)  Some sweet apples are ripe apples. 
A)  No apples that are not sweet are ripe apples. 
B)  All sweet apples are ripe apples. 
C)  All ripe apples are sweet apples. 
D)  All sweet apples are ripe apples, and all apples that are not ripe are apples that are not sweet. 
E)  Some sweet apples are ripe apples.

Question 9

There is a desk in the office.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some desks are not things in the office. 
B)  Some desks are in the office. 
C)  All offices are things that contain a desk. 
D)  Some desks are things in the office. 
E)  Some desks are things in the office and some desks are not things in the office. 
A)  Some desks are not things in the office. 
B)  Some desks are in the office. 
C)  All offices are things that contain a desk. 
D)  Some desks are things in the office. 
E)  Some desks are things in the office and some desks are not things in the office.

Question 10

All of the vehicles except the jeeps broke down.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some jeeps are vehicles that broke down and some jeeps are not vehicles that broke down. 
B)  No jeeps are vehicles that broke down. 
C)  No jeeps are vehicles that broke down, and all vehicles that are not jeeps are vehicles that broke down. 
D)  All vehicles that are not jeeps are vehicles that broke down. 
E)  All vehicles that did not break down are jeeps. 
A)  Some jeeps are vehicles that broke down and some jeeps are not vehicles that broke down. 
B)  No jeeps are vehicles that broke down. 
C)  No jeeps are vehicles that broke down, and all vehicles that are not jeeps are vehicles that broke down. 
D)  All vehicles that are not jeeps are vehicles that broke down. 
E)  All vehicles that did not break down are jeeps.

Question 11

A dog barked.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some dogs are not animals that barked. 
B)  Some dogs barked, and some dogs did not bark. 
C)  All dogs are animals that barked. 
D)  Some dogs are animals that barked. 
E)  Some animals identical to a dog are animals that barked. 
A)  Some dogs are not animals that barked. 
B)  Some dogs barked, and some dogs did not bark. 
C)  All dogs are animals that barked. 
D)  Some dogs are animals that barked. 
E)  Some animals identical to a dog are animals that barked.

Question 12

No A are non-B. (F) Some A are not non-B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contradictory. (T) 
B)  Subalternation. (F) 
C)  Subcontrary. (T) 
D)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
A)  Contradictory. (T) 
B)  Subalternation. (F) 
C)  Subcontrary. (T) 
D)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.)

Question 13

A spoiled brat is obnoxious.

Accepted Answer

A)  All obnoxious brats are spoiled. 
B)  All obnoxious people are spoiled brats. 
C)  All spoiled brats are obnoxious. 
D)  All brats who are not spoiled are people who are not obnoxious. 
E)  All spoiled brats are obnoxious people. 
A)  All obnoxious brats are spoiled. 
B)  All obnoxious people are spoiled brats. 
C)  All spoiled brats are obnoxious. 
D)  All brats who are not spoiled are people who are not obnoxious. 
E)  All spoiled brats are obnoxious people.

Question 14

It is false that no underdogs are winners. Therefore, it is false that some underdogs are not winners.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit conversion.

Question 15

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint)   After filling in the diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 3 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
B)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
E)  There is a circled X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
A)  Area 3 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
B)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
E)  There is a circled X in Area 2, and there are no other marks.

Question 16

Some crystal vases are not China teapots. Therefore, some China teapots are not crystal vases.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
D)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
D)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation.

Question 17

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint.)   After filling in the Venn diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
D)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 3. 
A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
D)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 3.

Question 18

Given the categorical proposition "No soccer balls are tetrahedrons." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  All soccer balls are not tetrahedrons. 
B)  All soccer balls are tetrahedrons. 
C)  Some soccer balls are tetrahedrons. 
D)  Some soccer balls are not tetrahedrons. 
E)  All tetrahedrons are soccer balls. 
A)  All soccer balls are not tetrahedrons. 
B)  All soccer balls are tetrahedrons. 
C)  Some soccer balls are tetrahedrons. 
D)  Some soccer balls are not tetrahedrons. 
E)  All tetrahedrons are soccer balls.

Question 19

Some A are non-B. (T) Some non-B are A.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
B)  Contrary. (F) 
C)  Conversion. (T) 
D)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
E)  Contradiction. (F) 
A)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
B)  Contrary. (F) 
C)  Conversion. (T) 
D)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
E)  Contradiction. (F)

Question 20

It is false that all cowboys are romantic icons. Therefore, no cowboys are romantic icons.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Some A are not non-B. (F) Contradiction

She says what's on her mind.

Some antidepressants are not safe medications for children. Therefore, some antidepressants are unsafe medications for children.

Some A are not non-B. (F) Some A are non-B.

No A are non-B. (T) No B are non-A.

No non-A are B. (F) No B are non-A.

It is false that no snow storms are exhilarating events. Therefore, all snow storms are exhilarating events.

Apples are not sweet unless they are ripe.

There is a desk in the office.

All of the vehicles except the jeeps broke down.

A dog barked.

No A are non-B. (F) Some A are not non-B.

A spoiled brat is obnoxious.

It is false that no underdogs are winners. Therefore, it is false that some underdogs are not winners.

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

Some crystal vases are not China teapots. Therefore, some China teapots are not crystal vases.

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint.) After filling in the Venn diagram,

Given the categorical proposition "No soccer balls are tetrahedrons." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some A are non-B. (T) Some non-B are A.

It is false that all cowboys are romantic icons. Therefore, no cowboys are romantic icons.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

Some A are not non-B. (F) Contradiction

She says what's on her mind.

Some antidepressants are not safe medications for children. Therefore, some antidepressants are unsafe medications for children.

Some A are not non-B. (F) Some A are non-B.

No A are non-B. (T) No B are non-A.

No non-A are B. (F) No B are non-A.

It is false that no snow storms are exhilarating events. Therefore, all snow storms are exhilarating events.

Apples are not sweet unless they are ripe.

There is a desk in the office.

All of the vehicles except the jeeps broke down.

A dog barked.

No A are non-B. (F) Some A are not non-B.

A spoiled brat is obnoxious.

It is false that no underdogs are winners. Therefore, it is false that some underdogs are not winners.

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

Some crystal vases are not China teapots. Therefore, some China teapots are not crystal vases.

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint.) After filling in the Venn diagram,

Given the categorical proposition "No soccer balls are tetrahedrons." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some A are non-B. (T) Some non-B are A.

It is false that all cowboys are romantic icons. Therefore, no cowboys are romantic icons.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters