Chat with AIExam 14: Psychological Disorders
On the surface,schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder may appear to be almost identical and are often mistaken for each other.
A) Define each disease,using both the type of disorder (emotion,thought,self) and a description of the disease.
B) Identify and explain two ways (two symptoms) that differentiate between schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder.
(67) 
VerifiedA) Schizophrenia-disorder of thought in which there is a split between thoughts and emotions;the person has difficulty distinguishing whether altered thoughts,perceptions,or conscious experiences are real versus imagined
Dissociative identity disorder-disorder of self in which there is a disruption of identity,memory,and conscious awareness when two or more distinct identities occur in the same individual
B) Schizophrenia is categorized by delusions,hallucinations,and disorganized speech (positive symptoms).People with dissociative identity disorder may exhibit what appears to be disorganized behavior,but this may just be an alternative identity acting in a way that the primary identity would not normally act.People with dissociative identity disorder also report "amnesia"-missing large chunks of their day.
According to your text,in any given year,one in four Americans over age 18 has a psychological disorder.However,there are large differences in which disorders occur more in each sex.
A) Describe one factor (biological,environmental,psychological,sociocultural) that would explain why women are more likely to experience major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders.
B) Describe one factor (biological,environmental,psychological,sociocultural) that would explain why men are more likely to experience antisocial personality disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
(74) VerifiedA) Some examples: biological-hormones,prenatal development/nutrition/exposure to certain things;environmental-women are encouraged to express their feelings more,and women have greater stress levels;psychological-women are more likely to have negative thoughts about themselves,and women have a greater tendency to feel negative emotions;sociocultural-women are oppressed in society
B) Some examples: biological-hormones,prenatal development,increased levels of certain neurotransmitters;environmental-men are taught to be more aggressive and ambitious;psychological-men are less sensitive to others' emotional states,and men are more likely motivated by positive emotions (pleasure);sociocultural-men are exposed to aggression and violence to a greater degree than women,and men are more likely to choose professions that encourage manipulation or a lack of empathy
In order to determine whether someone is experiencing psychopathology,there are several criteria to consider.
A) Describe the four main criteria used to assess psychopathology (what questions do we ask to determine "abnormality"?).
B) Imagine that someone is depressed (i.e.,experiencing disordered emotions).For each of the four criteria used to determine abnormality,provide an example of how it is useful in assessing depression (i.e.,an example of when the criteria "works").
C) Some people hold the view that personal suffering should be the only criteria to diagnose disordered behavior.Would this strategy be effective at diagnosing all mental disorders? Explain whether this would work for someone with antisocial personality disorder.
(77) VerifiedA) (1) Deviate from cultural/societal norms,(2) is maladaptive,(3) causes personal distress or threatens other people,and (4) causes discomfort/concern to others
B) (1) Inability to get out of bed and get dressed each day,inability to express proper emotions (laughing at a funeral);(2) prevents him or her from obtaining and keeping a job,prevents him or her from maintaining positive relationships;(3) people know his or her levels of sadness are extreme and this worry further fuels his or her negative emotions,making him or her feel worse,may threaten harm to himself or herself through suicidal thoughts;and (4) parents,friends,neighbors,and others are concerned about the person,someone is uncomfortable being around the person because he or she is so down all the time
C) No,personal suffering is not the only valid criteria because the symptoms of several mental health disorders (bipolar I,schizophrenia,antisocial personality disorder) may mean that the person does not know he or she has problems or is not bothered by the fact that he or she has problems.For example,someone with antisocial personality disorder does not experience personal suffering because he or she specifically lacks empathy;however,these people often display behavior that goes against societal norms (cheating,lying),is maladaptive (prohibits appropriate emotional responding),and is discomforting to others (people are manipulated and taken advantage of,which likely makes them upset).
Klaus has schizophrenia and believes that the ketchup dispenser at McDonalds sends him messages every Tuesday.Klaus's belief about this object being particularly special to him is an example of which type of delusion?
(86) Carl was diagnosed with a communication disorder when he was five.Now in high school,which of the following actions is most likely to be difficult for Carl?
(70) Your friend has obsessive-compulsive disorder and you would like to try to understand her disorder better.
A) Describe the components of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) Discuss the development of this disorder.Specifically,explain how one psychological and one biological factor increase the likelihood that the cycle of obsessive-compulsive disorder behaviors continues.
C) Explain the role of negative reinforcement in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
(80) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been thought to mainly affect white boys.Recently,however,the diagnosis has been applied more broadly to other children.What might be the reason for this willingness to diagnose more kinds of children with ADHD?
(70) Carmen believes that she has the amazing power to control the thoughts of her classmates and make them do what she wants.Mandy believes that all her classmates are trying to manipulate her thoughts.Carmen is experiencing ________ delusions,while Mandy is experiencing ________ delusions.
(84) Jonah experiences nearly constant anxiety that is not associated with a specific thing.Jonah is most likely to be diagnosed with
(81) Two-year-old Antonina's parents notice that she rarely says any words and has never really made eye contact with them.She is intensely preoccupied with the buttons and zippers on clothing and pays little attention to anything else.Antonina
(92) Everything on Floyd's desk is kept in its exact place.He straightens his things each day and gets very upset when something is not put back in its proper place.He does not like to bring work home with him because it means the paperwork is not properly filed when he gets to work the next morning.Based on this,Floyd is likely to be diagnosed with a personality disorder in the ________ cluster.
(92) Some people experience significant depressive symptoms only during the winter months,a disorder informally called
(73) Juan has extreme difficulty using his math skills when compared with other students his age.However,his performance in other subject areas is above average.If Juan has a neurodevelopmental disorder,he is most likely to be diagnosed with a(n)
(68) Kelly is studying for her introductory psychology exam and is struggling to learn the personality disorders.Her roommate helps her by explaining that all of the following disorders are part of the anxious cluster (cluster C) EXCEPT
(75) A woman says the following illogical sentences: "The eagle takes flight at three o'clock and flies here from General Electric.I get my check from the eagle;he goes from the mailbox to make a payment.He is a secret spy for my husband and makes a shotgun sound." Based on what she says,this woman is most likely experiencing ________ and is displaying a ________ symptom.
(64) Peter is a clinical psychologist.When determining whether a client's behavior shows psychopathology,he should use all of the following criteria EXCEPT whether the
(86) Which of the following conditions would place you at the greatest risk of developing schizophrenia during your lifetime?
(91) Because Simone works with clients who have anxiety disorders,she knows that the key characteristic of this group of mental disorder is
(95) Ted was diagnosed at age 18 with severe schizophrenia.His functioning has progressively gotten worse since his diagnosis.Compared with people who have more mild cases of schizophrenia,neuroimaging of Ted's brain would likely reveal that he has
(83) According to the diathesis-stress model,and based solely on the information provided,which person is most likely to experience a depressed state?
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