Question 1

According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ideal and actual selves?

Accepted Answer

A)  fear 
B)  anxiety 
C)  depression 
D)  hostility 
A)  fear 
B)  anxiety 
C)  depression 
D)  hostility

Question 2

The working of the procedural self is usually hard to describe because it is

Accepted Answer

A)  conscious. 
B)  unconscious. 
C)  learned. 
D)  innate. 
A)  conscious. 
B)  unconscious. 
C)  learned. 
D)  innate.

Question 3

According to the examples given in the text, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been used to study all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  personality traits. 
B)  life goals. 
C)  self-esteem. 
D)  shyness. 
A)  personality traits. 
B)  life goals. 
C)  self-esteem. 
D)  shyness.

Question 4

What term refers to self-schemas based on our past experiences that direct how we relate to the important people in our lives?

Accepted Answer

A)  relational self-schema 
B)  self-in-relationship schema 
C)  interdependence self-schema 
D)  interdependent self-schema 
A)  relational self-schema 
B)  self-in-relationship schema 
C)  interdependence self-schema 
D)  interdependent self-schema

Question 5

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
-The ideal self

Accepted Answer

A) Your view of what you should do 
B) Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness 
C) Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system 
D) A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in 
E) Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
F)Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
G)Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
H)The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
I)The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
J)Your views about what you could be doing 
A) Your view of what you should do 
B) Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness 
C) Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system 
D) A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in 
E) Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
F)Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
G)Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
H)The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
I)The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
J)Your views about what you could be doing

Question 6

According to the discussion of self-discrepancy theory, the root of depression is ________, whereas the root of anxiety is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  disappointment; fear 
B)  anger; fear 
C)  anger; frustration 
D)  disappointment; anger 
A)  disappointment; fear 
B)  anger; fear 
C)  anger; frustration 
D)  disappointment; anger

Question 7

What is actually measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

Accepted Answer

A)  heart rate 
B)  blood pressure 
C)  visual tracking 
D)  reaction time 
A)  heart rate 
B)  blood pressure 
C)  visual tracking 
D)  reaction time

Question 8

According to the text, which of the following is an outcome of having greater alignment between your current self and your future self?

Accepted Answer

A)  a lack of ability for foresight or planning 
B)  an increase in self-control 
C)  a greater connection between your conscious and unconscious selves 
D)  a greater disconnect between your future self and your past self 
A)  a lack of ability for foresight or planning 
B)  an increase in self-control 
C)  a greater connection between your conscious and unconscious selves 
D)  a greater disconnect between your future self and your past self

Question 9

The best way to change procedural knowledge of the self is by

Accepted Answer

A)  practicing and feedback. 
B)  introspection. 
C)  watching others. 
D)  transferring knowledge from the declarative self. 
A)  practicing and feedback. 
B)  introspection. 
C)  watching others. 
D)  transferring knowledge from the declarative self.

Question 10

What is a common criticism of the working self-concept?

Accepted Answer

A)  A coherent sense of self is generally viewed as a hallmark of mental health. 
B)  Self and informant ratings of personality are generally very similar. 
C)  Constant fluctuation in one's identity signifies a high ability to adapt to different situations. 
D)  People do not generally change who they are from situation to situation. 
A)  A coherent sense of self is generally viewed as a hallmark of mental health. 
B)  Self and informant ratings of personality are generally very similar. 
C)  Constant fluctuation in one's identity signifies a high ability to adapt to different situations. 
D)  People do not generally change who they are from situation to situation.

Question 11

Which of the following is the best way to get information into long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  rehearsal 
B)  elongation 
C)  elaboration 
D)  reverberation 
A)  rehearsal 
B)  elongation 
C)  elaboration 
D)  reverberation

Question 12

According to the text, one study found the ________ measures of neuroticism and extraversion predicted behavior better than ________ measures of these traits.

Accepted Answer

A)  self-report; implicit 
B)  implicit; self-report 
C)  IAT; implicit 
D)  IAT; reaction time 
A)  self-report; implicit 
B)  implicit; self-report 
C)  IAT; implicit 
D)  IAT; reaction time

Question 13

What "selves" are two aspects of procedural self-knowledge?

Accepted Answer

A)  relational and implicit 
B)  rational and explicit 
C)  collectivist and individualist 
D)  I and me 
A)  relational and implicit 
B)  rational and explicit 
C)  collectivist and individualist 
D)  I and me

Question 14

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
-Self-esteem

Accepted Answer

A) Your view of what you should do 
B) Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness 
C) Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system 
D) A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in 
E) Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
F)Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
G)Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
H)The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
I)The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
J)Your views about what you could be doing 
A) Your view of what you should do 
B) Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness 
C) Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system 
D) A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in 
E) Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
F)Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
G)Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
H)The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
I)The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
J)Your views about what you could be doing

Question 15

What is likely to happen if every morning a person low in self-esteem repeats self-affirmations such as "Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better"?

Accepted Answer

A)  The individual will start to report feeling worse. 
B)  The individual will start to report increased self-esteem. 
C)  Nothing will happen, as these interventions do little to change self-esteem. 
D)  The individual will become slightly more aggressive. 
A)  The individual will start to report feeling worse. 
B)  The individual will start to report increased self-esteem. 
C)  Nothing will happen, as these interventions do little to change self-esteem. 
D)  The individual will become slightly more aggressive.

Question 16

One potential explanation for the gender differences in self-esteem found in the United States is that women are comparing themselves to ________ rather than ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  men; each other 
B)  each other; men 
C)  their past selves; how they will feel in the future 
D)  how they will feel in the future; their past selves 
A)  men; each other 
B)  each other; men 
C)  their past selves; how they will feel in the future 
D)  how they will feel in the future; their past selves

Question 17

According to the text, what are possible selves?

Accepted Answer

A)  our various levels on each of the Big Five personality traits 
B)  the ways in which our identity shifts from childhood to adulthood 
C)  the various social roles we hold 
D)  the images we construct of the other ways we might be 
A)  our various levels on each of the Big Five personality traits 
B)  the ways in which our identity shifts from childhood to adulthood 
C)  the various social roles we hold 
D)  the images we construct of the other ways we might be

Question 18

Leah is depressed. There is likely a discrepancy between her ________ self and her ________ self.

Accepted Answer

A)  ideal; relational 
B)  ought; real 
C)  real; ideal 
D)  ought; ideal 
A)  ideal; relational 
B)  ought; real 
C)  real; ideal 
D)  ought; ideal

Question 19

What is procedural knowledge? How can it be assessed? How can it be changed?

Accepted Answer

Procedural knowledge refers to the knowl

Question 20

Jack's friends don't think he is very smart; however, Jack considers himself to be quite intelligent. Jack would most likely be considered high in

Accepted Answer

A)  self-insight. 
B)  self-enhancement. 
C)  sociometry. 
D)  self-justification. 
A)  self-insight. 
B)  self-enhancement. 
C)  sociometry. 
D)  self-justification.

According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ideal and actual selves?

The working of the procedural self is usually hard to describe because it is

According to the examples given in the text, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been used to study all of the following EXCEPT

What term refers to self-schemas based on our past experiences that direct how we relate to the important people in our lives?

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term. -The ideal self

According to the discussion of self-discrepancy theory, the root of depression is , whereas the root of anxiety is .

What is actually measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

According to the text, which of the following is an outcome of having greater alignment between your current self and your future self?

The best way to change procedural knowledge of the self is by

What is a common criticism of the working self-concept?

Which of the following is the best way to get information into long-term memory?

According to the text, one study found the measures of neuroticism and extraversion predicted behavior better than measures of these traits.

What "selves" are two aspects of procedural self-knowledge?

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term. -Self-esteem

What is likely to happen if every morning a person low in self-esteem repeats self-affirmations such as "Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better"?

One potential explanation for the gender differences in self-esteem found in the United States is that women are comparing themselves to rather than .

According to the text, what are possible selves?

Leah is depressed. There is likely a discrepancy between her self and her self.

What is procedural knowledge? How can it be assessed? How can it be changed?

Jack's friends don't think he is very smart; however, Jack considers himself to be quite intelligent. Jack would most likely be considered high in

The Study of the Person

Personality Research Methods

Personality Assessment: Effect Size, Replicability, and Open Science

Persons and Situations

Personality Judgment

Traits and Types: the Big Five and Beyond

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

Genetics and Evolution: the Inheritance of Personality

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Science of Happiness

Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

Personality Processes: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Thinking

Relationships and Business

Mental and Physical Health

What Have We Learned

Filters

Exam 15: The Self: What You Know About You

According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ideal and actual selves?

The working of the procedural self is usually hard to describe because it is

According to the examples given in the text, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been used to study all of the following EXCEPT

What term refers to self-schemas based on our past experiences that direct how we relate to the important people in our lives?

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term. -The ideal self

According to the discussion of self-discrepancy theory, the root of depression is ________, whereas the root of anxiety is ________.

What is actually measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

According to the text, which of the following is an outcome of having greater alignment between your current self and your future self?

The best way to change procedural knowledge of the self is by

What is a common criticism of the working self-concept?

Which of the following is the best way to get information into long-term memory?

According to the text, one study found the ________ measures of neuroticism and extraversion predicted behavior better than ________ measures of these traits.

What "selves" are two aspects of procedural self-knowledge?

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term. -Self-esteem

What is likely to happen if every morning a person low in self-esteem repeats self-affirmations such as "Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better"?

One potential explanation for the gender differences in self-esteem found in the United States is that women are comparing themselves to ________ rather than ________.

According to the text, what are possible selves?

Leah is depressed. There is likely a discrepancy between her ________ self and her ________ self.

What is procedural knowledge? How can it be assessed? How can it be changed?

Jack's friends don't think he is very smart; however, Jack considers himself to be quite intelligent. Jack would most likely be considered high in

The Study of the Person

Personality Research Methods

Personality Assessment: Effect Size, Replicability, and Open Science

Persons and Situations

Personality Judgment

Traits and Types: the Big Five and Beyond

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

Genetics and Evolution: the Inheritance of Personality

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Science of Happiness

Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

Personality Processes: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Thinking

Relationships and Business

Mental and Physical Health

What Have We Learned

Filters

According to the discussion of self-discrepancy theory, the root of depression is , whereas the root of anxiety is .

According to the text, one study found the measures of neuroticism and extraversion predicted behavior better than measures of these traits.

One potential explanation for the gender differences in self-esteem found in the United States is that women are comparing themselves to rather than .

Leah is depressed. There is likely a discrepancy between her self and her self.