Question 1

Which of the statements below is true of the epidemiologic model

Accepted Answer

A)  The classic epidemiologic model contains four elements: The agent, host, environment, and vector 
B)  The vector is the contagious or non-contagious force that can begin or prolong a health problem 
C)  The host is the human being in which the disease occurs 
D)  The agent is a factor that moves between the host and environment 
A)  The classic epidemiologic model contains four elements: The agent, host, environment, and vector 
B)  The vector is the contagious or non-contagious force that can begin or prolong a health problem 
C)  The host is the human being in which the disease occurs 
D)  The agent is a factor that moves between the host and environment C

Question 2

A public health nurse has been contacted because 12 students living in a college dormitory are ill with bacterial meningitis. The cases have been confirmed to be caused by Neisseria meningitidis. Using the Venn diagram, describe the environmental characteristics in this scenario and the mode of transmission of this organism.

Accepted Answer

Venn diagram-Environmental Characteristics
Physical-weather (e.g., meningitis typically occurs in late winter or early spring)
Biological-microorganism (e.g., Neisseria meningitidis)
Social-housing (e.g., young people living in close quarters)
Mode of transmission: spread by droplet from mouth and nose usually through coughing, sneezing, or kissing

Question 3

Calculate the odds ratio of developing colorectal cancer related to a low-fibre diet from the following example. Write a statement that would explain your results to a client.
Study group = 300
Risk factor = low-fibre diet
Disease = colorectal cancer
Persons with low-fibre diet and colorectal cancer = 100
Persons with high-fibre diet and colorectal cancer = 20
Total persons with colorectal cancer = 120
Person with low-fibre diet and no colorectal cancer = 20
Persons with high-fibre diet and no colorectal cancer = 160
Total persons without colorectal cancer = 180

Accepted Answer

OR = a/c divided by b/d
= ad divided by bc
= 100 x 160 divided by 20 x 20
= 40
In this study, people who ate low-fibre diets were 40 times more likely to develop colorectal cancer.

Question 4

What statement best describes a cohort study?

Accepted Answer

A)  It focuses on a group of people exposed to a particular health problem or potential stressor over time 
B)  The researcher manipulates some of the variables in order to ascertain the effect of the manipulation 
C)  The individuals in the group with the disease are matched with individuals who are similar in some characteristics (e.g., age, gender) but who have not manifested the disease in question 
D)  Selected variables within a specific population are studied to look for evidence of association and causality 
A)  It focuses on a group of people exposed to a particular health problem or potential stressor over time 
B)  The researcher manipulates some of the variables in order to ascertain the effect of the manipulation 
C)  The individuals in the group with the disease are matched with individuals who are similar in some characteristics (e.g., age, gender) but who have not manifested the disease in question 
D)  Selected variables within a specific population are studied to look for evidence of association and causality

Question 5

A nurse wants to know the current rate of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in women aged 25 years as indicated by abnormal Pap smears. Which type of research design would be best to answer this question?

Accepted Answer

A)  Manipulation methodology 
B)  Cross-sectional 
C)  Prospective cohort 
D)  Randomized controlled 
A)  Manipulation methodology 
B)  Cross-sectional 
C)  Prospective cohort 
D)  Randomized controlled

Question 6

The public health nurses (PHNs) are busy responding to seasonal influenza in a community of approximately 75 000 people. An assisted living facility has an increased number of influenza cases among the residents. A nurse is doing an inservice with the nursing staff at the facility about the transmission of the influenza virus. Which is an example of direct transmission?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inhaling a droplet from a sneeze 
B)  Shaking a contaminated hand 
C)  Drinking tainted water 
D)  Touching a contaminated doorknob 
A)  Inhaling a droplet from a sneeze 
B)  Shaking a contaminated hand 
C)  Drinking tainted water 
D)  Touching a contaminated doorknob

Question 7

What agency in Canada is currenlty responsible for gathering surveillance data on reportable diseases?

Accepted Answer

A)  Health Canada 
B)  Statistics Canada 
C)  Canadian Institutes of Health Information (CIHI) 
D)  Public Health Agency of Canada (PHA
C)  
A)  Health Canada 
B)  Statistics Canada 
C)  Canadian Institutes of Health Information (CIHI) 
D)  Public Health Agency of Canada (PHA
C)

Question 8

A nurse in a large urban centre is working to provide secondary prevention. What action is the best example of this goal?

Accepted Answer

A)  Providing varicella-zoster immune globin (VZIG) to appropriate children after a classmate is diagnosed with chickenpox 
B)  Screening mammography for the early detection of breast cancer 
C)  Routinely immunizing 1-year-old children for measles, mumps, and rubella 
D)  Tuberculosis (T
B)  testing exposed students at a high school after a student is diagnosed with TB 
A)  Providing varicella-zoster immune globin (VZIG) to appropriate children after a classmate is diagnosed with chickenpox 
B)  Screening mammography for the early detection of breast cancer 
C)  Routinely immunizing 1-year-old children for measles, mumps, and rubella 
D)  Tuberculosis (T
B)  testing exposed students at a high school after a student is diagnosed with TB

Question 9

Which of the following is included in the most commonly cited criteria for causation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Specificity 
B)  Sensitivity 
C)  Qualitative replication 
D)  Strength of screening 
A)  Specificity 
B)  Sensitivity 
C)  Qualitative replication 
D)  Strength of screening

Question 10

What type of research design was used in the Framingham Heart Study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Case series 
B)  Cohort 
C)  Cross-sectional 
D)  Case-control 
A)  Case series 
B)  Cohort 
C)  Cross-sectional 
D)  Case-control

Question 11

What is an example of tertiary prevention of a communicable disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Observing clients taking tuberculosis medication 
B)  Demonstrating vaccine efficacy rates 
C)  Encouraging frequent handwashing during flu season 
D)  Immunizing students during a meningitis outbreak 
A)  Observing clients taking tuberculosis medication 
B)  Demonstrating vaccine efficacy rates 
C)  Encouraging frequent handwashing during flu season 
D)  Immunizing students during a meningitis outbreak

Question 12

A public health nurse (PHN) is explaining to a nursing student how to use health statistics to understand population health. The PHN asks the nursing student to develop some questions for a survey about smoking behaviour. Which question would be best at eliciting information on period prevalence?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Do you currently smoke?" 
B)  "Have you smoked within the last six months?" 
C)  "Have you ever smoked?" 
D)  "At what age did you start smoking?" 
A)  "Do you currently smoke?" 
B)  "Have you smoked within the last six months?" 
C)  "Have you ever smoked?" 
D)  "At what age did you start smoking?"

Question 13

A nurse is concerned about a recent outbreak of measles in a group of migrant workers. How would the nurse explain the concept of incidence to a new staff member?

Accepted Answer

A)  The rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specified period 
B)  A measurement of disease frequency 
C)  Occurs frequently and with predicted regularity 
D)  The proportion of a population that is affected by the disease at a specific time 
A)  The rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specified period 
B)  A measurement of disease frequency 
C)  Occurs frequently and with predicted regularity 
D)  The proportion of a population that is affected by the disease at a specific time

Question 14

Identify four criteria that researchers and practitioners use to assess a causal relationship between a stimulus and the occurrence of a disease.

Accepted Answer

- temporal relationship: A person does n

Question 15

The public health nurses (PHNs) are busy responding to seasonal influenza in a community of approximately 75 000 people. An assisted living facility has an increased number of influenza cases among the residents.The PHNs are trying to protect the residents from the flu. What is an example of a primary prevention initiative?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increasing assessments of the ill to identify complications early 
B)  Screening individuals for signs of influenza 
C)  Instructing individuals to sneeze into one's arm 
D)  Administering Tamiflu to ill residents 
A)  Increasing assessments of the ill to identify complications early 
B)  Screening individuals for signs of influenza 
C)  Instructing individuals to sneeze into one's arm 
D)  Administering Tamiflu to ill residents

Question 16

A public health nurse (PHN) is explaining to a nursing student how to use health statistics to understand population health. The nursing student wants to administer a survey about smoking behaviours to students in various grade levels within the school district to identify the best grade to initiate health education. A follow-up survey will be administered to assess the effectiveness of the educational program. What type of research design would be best at providing the epidemiological information needed in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cross-sectional study 
B)  Cohort design 
C)  Randomized control trial 
D)  Case-control methodology 
A)  Cross-sectional study 
B)  Cohort design 
C)  Randomized control trial 
D)  Case-control methodology

Question 17

What term refers to "the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nosology 
B)  Epidemiology 
C)  Susceptibility 
D)  Biologic plausibility 
A)  Nosology 
B)  Epidemiology 
C)  Susceptibility 
D)  Biologic plausibility

Question 18

What is the purpose of epidemiology?

Accepted Answer

A)  The study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states in specified populations 
B)  To provide statistics to direct health care funding to the appropriate cause 
C)  To predict and control challenges to population health 
D)  An area of medicine that deals with the study of the causes of disease in populations 
A)  The study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states in specified populations 
B)  To provide statistics to direct health care funding to the appropriate cause 
C)  To predict and control challenges to population health 
D)  An area of medicine that deals with the study of the causes of disease in populations

Question 19

Which epidemiological model best allows a nurse to visualize the relationships between various determinants of health?

Accepted Answer

A)  Causation criteria 
B)  Epidemiological triangle 
C)  Web of causation 
D)  Venn diagram 
A)  Causation criteria 
B)  Epidemiological triangle 
C)  Web of causation 
D)  Venn diagram

Question 20

The public health nurses (PHNs) are busy responding to seasonal influenza in a community of approximately 75 000 people. An assisted living facility has an increased number of influenza cases among the residents. Family members of the residents have been following FluWatch on the Public Health Agency of Canada web page. What type of reporting is FluWatch?

Accepted Answer

A)  Statistics Canada information 
B)  Surveillance data 
C)  Health Reports 
D)  Reportable disease 
A)  Statistics Canada information 
B)  Surveillance data 
C)  Health Reports 
D)  Reportable disease

Exam 11: Epidemiology

Which of the statements below is true of the epidemiologic model

What statement best describes a cohort study?

A nurse wants to know the current rate of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in women aged 25 years as indicated by abnormal Pap smears. Which type of research design would be best to answer this question?

What agency in Canada is currenlty responsible for gathering surveillance data on reportable diseases?

A nurse in a large urban centre is working to provide secondary prevention. What action is the best example of this goal?

Which of the following is included in the most commonly cited criteria for causation?

What type of research design was used in the Framingham Heart Study?

What is an example of tertiary prevention of a communicable disease?

A public health nurse (PHN) is explaining to a nursing student how to use health statistics to understand population health. The PHN asks the nursing student to develop some questions for a survey about smoking behaviour. Which question would be best at eliciting information on period prevalence?

A nurse is concerned about a recent outbreak of measles in a group of migrant workers. How would the nurse explain the concept of incidence to a new staff member?

Identify four criteria that researchers and practitioners use to assess a causal relationship between a stimulus and the occurrence of a disease.

What term refers to "the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations"?

What is the purpose of epidemiology?

Which epidemiological model best allows a nurse to visualize the relationships between various determinants of health?

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