Exam 6: Research Design and Causation

Attrition in panel studies refers to which of the following?

If a study contains a reductionist fallacy,it has drawn conclusions about individuals based on group-level data.

Individual respondents in a repeated cross-sectional study ______.

Identify the four special circumstances in which researchers can be more confident in drawing conclusions about time order when using cross-sectional data.

What is critical for developing a causal analysis but can be an insurmountable problem with a cross-sectional design?

John found that freshman girls at a local high school were more likely than freshman boys to get detention.In his article,he concludes that overall high school girls are more likely than boys to get in trouble.This is an example of ______.

Most sociological and psychological studies use which unit of analysis?

Conclusions drawn about individuals based on family-level data,such as income,may or may not be correct due to the possibility of an error known as a/an ______.

The process through which the independent variable creates changes in a dependent variable is known as a/an ______.

In a true experiment,how is association established?

When testing causal hypotheses,which design is best?

Interviewing survivors of the 9-11 attacks is an example of a cohort study.

To say that variables have an association is to say that ______.

If a contextual effect exists,then causality cannot be established.