Exam 6: Research Design and Causation

If a study contains an ecological fallacy,it has drawn conclusions about individuals from group-level data.

The belief that the variation in an independent variable will be followed by variation in the dependent variable,when all other things are equal,is known as ______.

What is the goal of a trend study?

Quantitative projects lead to what kind of causal explanations?

A study that surveys millennials every 3 years for 9 years is an example of what kind of study?

In a nomothetic causal explanation,the focus is on which of the following as the cause?

The cases about which measures actually are obtained in a sample are known as ______.

Describe each of the five criteria for identifying a causal effect and provide an example of each.

In your own words,describe nonspuriousness.How do researchers attempt to achieve nonspuriousness in experimental and nonexperimental designs? What is the role of extraneous variables in explaining a spurious relationship?

A nomothetic causal explanation is deterministic.

What are variables that involve a mechanism called?

In cross-sectional research,which of the following is assumed to come before current attitudes?

By definition,a cross-sectional study ______.

Randomization is a technique used to ensure spuriousness in experimental designs.

How is causality established in experimental research,and how does this differ when using nonexperimental research designs? Why do both experimental and nonexperimental designs exist in social sciences?

Melissa responds to a survey questionnaire every few weeks.Each survey is on a different topic such as her recycling behaviors and her view on gun control.What kind of study is this an example of?

A counterfactual situation is a hypothetical one,in which researchers must estimate what the situation would have been in the absence of variation in the independent variable.

Research that collects data at more than one point in time is called:

Outline the two causal fallacies commonly associated with units of analysis.Give an example that demonstrates each,describing the problems with each fallacy in terms of the example.

The class of 2020,baby boomers,and juniors in a high school are all examples of ______.