Exam 5: Groups and Organizations

Sociologists use the term____________ for a large social grouping that occupies the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

In recent years, some parents have begun carrying their infant children on their backs or chests in special slings rather than in strollers or in their arms. This is an example of a(n)____________ in child rearing.

Define cultural diversity and contrast homogeneous societies with heterogeneous societies.

Symbols are important in more primitive cultures, but postmodern cultures function largely without symbols.

Sociologists use the word ____________to refer to what is biologically determined, and____________ for what results from the social environment.

Explain the concepts of culture shock, ethnocentrism, and cultural relativism, and explain the relationship among these three concepts.

Culture is more important to the individual than it is to society.

____________are rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior.

When formal, standardized norms are enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions, they are termed __________.

In the month of December, many Jewish families celebrate Chanukah (the Festival of Light), during which special foods are served and families engage in ritual activity unique to their religious faith. In this context, members of the Jewish faith would represent a____________ .

The term____________ refers to the belief that the behaviors and customs of any society must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards.

People may claim to be law-abiding yet still engage in behaviors that are illegal. This behavior is an example of____________ culture, which refers to the values and standards of behavior that people actually follow.

Discuss how culture may be both a stabilizing force and a source of conflict in societies.

Today, discovery most often results from____________ For example, the discovery of a polio vaccine virtually eliminated what was a major childhood disease.

During a classical music performance, a concert-goer talks loudly to the person sitting next to her. A man in another seat turns around, frowns at her, and says "Shh." This illustrates a ____________.

When anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon first confronted the Yanomamӧ tribe of South America, he became nauseated at the sight of their customs and social environment. This is an example of ____________.

A central component of nonmaterial culture is ____________, which are the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real.

____________are values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive, meaning that achieving one makes it difficult, if not impossible, to achieve another.

The "thumbs up" sign means something is good in some places, but is an obscene gesture in other places. This illustrates that _____________.

Which of these statements is the best description of the role of culture in human life?