Exam 8: Global Stratification

Hirschi's social bonding theory emphasizes______________________ .

Criminologists use the term ___________to refer to the greater number of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people accused or convicted of criminal offenses.

According to Merton's strain theory, ___________occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them.

Outline the four major goals of punishment: retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation.

Explain why official crime statistics may not be an accurate reflection of the actual number and kinds of crimes committed in the United States.

The term ___________refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government in efforts to usurp power.

Metropolitan areas have the highest percentage of minority and women police officers.

The sociological term for a spoiled or devalued social identity is___________ .

___________crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. ___________deviance refers to the initial act of rule breaking.

Explain the major components of social control theory and Hirschi's social bonding theory.

Sociologists believe that there is a set of behaviors within every society that is considered inherently deviant.

___________refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people.

The Uniform Crime Report is an accurate count of the types and numbers of crimes committed in the United States.

In the postmodern theory of Michel Foucault, the panopticon refers to ____________.

Foucault's research on deviance and social control indicates that power, knowledge, and social control are intertwined.

___________crime refers to illegal acts committed online, such as FBI-related scams, nonauction of merchandise, and overpayment fraud.

A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime in order to buy some clothes she wants. This teenager's behavior is an example of___________ .

People who are labeled deviant are generally regarded as deviant by all those around them.

Define different types of crime and explain current trends in terms of gender, race, and class in regard to which groups are more likely to be victimized and the extent to which different groups are represented in crime statistics.