Question 1

Which of the following statements about plant toxins against herbivores is false?

Accepted Answer

A) The toxin may be kept in a membrane-bound structure to keep it from harming the plant. 
B) The toxin may not be toxic unless it is metabolized in the intestine of a herbivore. 
C) The toxin may have also have a bad taste. 
D) Even a little bit of the toxin will be deadly. 
E) Some toxins can over stimulate particular physiological processes. 
A) The toxin may be kept in a membrane-bound structure to keep it from harming the plant. 
B) The toxin may not be toxic unless it is metabolized in the intestine of a herbivore. 
C) The toxin may have also have a bad taste. 
D) Even a little bit of the toxin will be deadly. 
E) Some toxins can over stimulate particular physiological processes.

Question 2

How does systemin cause the activation of the wound response in tomato plants?

Accepted Answer

A) It binds directly to jasmonic acid. 
B) It directly signals gene expression. 
C) It induces the production of tannins. 
D) It induces a jasmonic acid signaling pathway in certain cells. 
E) It triggers genes that are able to signal the plant that mechanical injury has occurred. 
A) It binds directly to jasmonic acid. 
B) It directly signals gene expression. 
C) It induces the production of tannins. 
D) It induces a jasmonic acid signaling pathway in certain cells. 
E) It triggers genes that are able to signal the plant that mechanical injury has occurred.

Question 3

Parasitic fungi will usually attack a plant through stomata on the root surface.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The steps in the pathogen-specific response do not include

Accepted Answer

A) responding to the pathogen. 
B) development of antibodies. 
C) recognizing the pathogen. 
D) triggering the hypersensitive response. 
E) the pathogen releases distinctive proteins. 
A) responding to the pathogen. 
B) development of antibodies. 
C) recognizing the pathogen. 
D) triggering the hypersensitive response. 
E) the pathogen releases distinctive proteins.

Question 5

In your garden,you have an Ailanthus altissima,also known as the Tree-of-Heaven.You try adding additional plants to the same garden bed,but notice poor seed germination and seedling growth around the tree.What is the most likely explanation for this?

Accepted Answer

A) The tree is blocking most of the available sunlight which is limiting germination and growth. 
B) The tree is utilizing most of the available miconutrients in the soil. 
C) The roots of the tree have a stronger water potential than the seedlings which is causing the seedlings to dehydrate. 
D) The tree has a mutalistic relationship with animals that are removing plants that are in competition for resources with the tree. 
E) The tree is releasing chemicals into the soil that are inhibiting germination and growth of other plants. 
A) The tree is blocking most of the available sunlight which is limiting germination and growth. 
B) The tree is utilizing most of the available miconutrients in the soil. 
C) The roots of the tree have a stronger water potential than the seedlings which is causing the seedlings to dehydrate. 
D) The tree has a mutalistic relationship with animals that are removing plants that are in competition for resources with the tree. 
E) The tree is releasing chemicals into the soil that are inhibiting germination and growth of other plants.

Question 6

Cyanogenic glycosides,which break down into cyanide,are toxic to cells because they inhibit the function of which organelle(s)?

Accepted Answer

A) Golgi apparatus 
B) Ribosome 
C) Nucleolus 
D) Mitochondria 
E) Endoplasmic reticulum 
A) Golgi apparatus 
B) Ribosome 
C) Nucleolus 
D) Mitochondria 
E) Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 7

Parasitoid wasps are sometimes involved in a plant's defensive response.In what way are the wasps helpful to the plant?

Accepted Answer

A) The wasps respond to a chemical the plant gives off when wounded,and the wasps lay their eggs on the caterpillar that wounded the plant. 
B) The wasps live in hollow thorns of the plants,and attack the plants' predators. 
C) The wasps stimulate the production of alkaloids the plants use for defense. 
D) The wasps enhance the plants' hypersensitive response. 
E) The wasps trigger leaf abscission so that herbivores do not have anything to eat. 
A) The wasps respond to a chemical the plant gives off when wounded,and the wasps lay their eggs on the caterpillar that wounded the plant. 
B) The wasps live in hollow thorns of the plants,and attack the plants' predators. 
C) The wasps stimulate the production of alkaloids the plants use for defense. 
D) The wasps enhance the plants' hypersensitive response. 
E) The wasps trigger leaf abscission so that herbivores do not have anything to eat.

Question 8

Viruses travel through animals mainly by lysing cells and then spreading to other cells.Plant cells are not easily lysed.If a pathogen enters a plant cell and does not initiate a hypersensitive response,what is the most likely way the virus would spread to other plant cells?

Accepted Answer

A) Through the chloroplasts 
B) Directly through the cell wall 
C) Through the central vacuole 
D) Through the plasmodesmata 
E) Through transport vesicles 
A) Through the chloroplasts 
B) Directly through the cell wall 
C) Through the central vacuole 
D) Through the plasmodesmata 
E) Through transport vesicles

Question 9

What is the main difference between plant defense mechanisms that use secondary chemical metabolites versus plant defense mechanisms that use a systemic response?

Accepted Answer

A) The metabolites are not as lethal as the systemic response. 
B) The metabolites are present at all times,and the systemic response must be induced. 
C) The metabolites can only help in defense against insects,not against other plants. 
D) The metabolites are toxic to the plants that produce them,the systemic response is safer. 
E) The metabolites are a more reliable way to kill the invader. 
A) The metabolites are not as lethal as the systemic response. 
B) The metabolites are present at all times,and the systemic response must be induced. 
C) The metabolites can only help in defense against insects,not against other plants. 
D) The metabolites are toxic to the plants that produce them,the systemic response is safer. 
E) The metabolites are a more reliable way to kill the invader.

Question 10

Systemic response occurs when plants exhibit generalized defense responses in organs distant from the wound.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which of the following chemicals is a signal that induces systemic acquired resistance?

Accepted Answer

A) salicylic acid 
B) brassinosteroids 
C) systemin 
D) avr 
E) nitric acid 
A) salicylic acid 
B) brassinosteroids 
C) systemin 
D) avr 
E) nitric acid

Question 12

Nonnative plant invaders,such as the alfalfa plant bug,are extremely invasive and hard to control because

Accepted Answer

A) they arrive in new locations where natural predators are not present. 
B) they tap into the xylem of a plant while seeking carbohydrates. 
C) they cause the plants' axillary buds to grow out. 
D) their populations evolve faster than the plants they attack. 
E) cause the plants' stomates to become unevenly distributed within the epidermis. 
A) they arrive in new locations where natural predators are not present. 
B) they tap into the xylem of a plant while seeking carbohydrates. 
C) they cause the plants' axillary buds to grow out. 
D) their populations evolve faster than the plants they attack. 
E) cause the plants' stomates to become unevenly distributed within the epidermis.

Question 13

Which of the following steps is not one of the phases of a fungal invasion of a plant?

Accepted Answer

A) Windblown fungal spores land on plant leaves. 
B) Hyphae grow through cell walls and press against the cell membrane. 
C) Fungal DNA is replicated by the plant cells. 
D) Hyphae differentiate into specialized structures called haustoria. 
E) A fungal spore germinates and forms an adhesion pad that allows it to stick to a plant's leaf. 
A) Windblown fungal spores land on plant leaves. 
B) Hyphae grow through cell walls and press against the cell membrane. 
C) Fungal DNA is replicated by the plant cells. 
D) Hyphae differentiate into specialized structures called haustoria. 
E) A fungal spore germinates and forms an adhesion pad that allows it to stick to a plant's leaf.

Question 14

Why don't ants that protect the Acacia tree scare off bees trying to pollinate the tree's flowers?

Accepted Answer

A) They can't climb to the tops of the tree. 
B) The bees are too big. 
C) The bees fly in and out quickly. 
D) The open flowers contain a chemical that is an ant deterrent. 
E) Parasitoid wasps protect the bees from attack. 
A) They can't climb to the tops of the tree. 
B) The bees are too big. 
C) The bees fly in and out quickly. 
D) The open flowers contain a chemical that is an ant deterrent. 
E) Parasitoid wasps protect the bees from attack.

Question 15

How does jasmonic acid contribute to the activation of the wound response in tomato plants?

Accepted Answer

A) It moves through the phloem of the plant until it reaches the wound site. 
B) It produces a polypeptide that binds with membrane lipids. 
C) It binds to enzymes in the gut of the predator. 
D) It increases the energy available for the plants to fight the predator. 
E) It signals gene expression,leading to the production of a proteinase inhibitor. 
A) It moves through the phloem of the plant until it reaches the wound site. 
B) It produces a polypeptide that binds with membrane lipids. 
C) It binds to enzymes in the gut of the predator. 
D) It increases the energy available for the plants to fight the predator. 
E) It signals gene expression,leading to the production of a proteinase inhibitor.

Question 16

The activation of proteinase inhibitor genes occurs

Accepted Answer

A) in the cytoplasm of the affected cells. 
B) on the plasma membrane of the affected cells. 
C) in the nucleus of the affected cells. 
D) before the systemin moves through the phloem of the plant. 
E) in anticipation of a physical wound to the plant. 
A) in the cytoplasm of the affected cells. 
B) on the plasma membrane of the affected cells. 
C) in the nucleus of the affected cells. 
D) before the systemin moves through the phloem of the plant. 
E) in anticipation of a physical wound to the plant.

Question 17

Tannins are chemicals that help plants repel invaders by

Accepted Answer

A) over-stimulating the predator. 
B) sedating the predator. 
C) binding to proteins and thereby disrupting the predator's digestion. 
D) injuring the external covering of the predator's body. 
E) causing the predator to grow so rapidly that it dies. 
A) over-stimulating the predator. 
B) sedating the predator. 
C) binding to proteins and thereby disrupting the predator's digestion. 
D) injuring the external covering of the predator's body. 
E) causing the predator to grow so rapidly that it dies.

Question 18

Which of the following is a false statement about plant secondary metabolites?

Accepted Answer

A) Some can be used to treat human diseases. 
B) Some can be poisonous to humans. 
C) The activity of certain medicines is due to secondary metabolites. 
D) Some of them can cross the placenta during pregnancy. 
E) They are too unpredictable to use in pharmaceutical research. 
A) Some can be used to treat human diseases. 
B) Some can be poisonous to humans. 
C) The activity of certain medicines is due to secondary metabolites. 
D) Some of them can cross the placenta during pregnancy. 
E) They are too unpredictable to use in pharmaceutical research.

Question 19

Which of the following methods do fungi use in order to penetrate the initial layer of a plant's defenses?

Accepted Answer

A) mechanical bridging 
B) sharp mouthparts 
C) entry through stomates 
D) secretion of phospholipids to dissolve the cuticle 
A) mechanical bridging 
B) sharp mouthparts 
C) entry through stomates 
D) secretion of phospholipids to dissolve the cuticle

Question 20

Using biotechnology,plant breeders attempt to find and incorporate specific resistance genes into plants that lack them.Once a plant has been given a resistance gene,it will have indefinite protection from the associated pathogen.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 38: Plant Defense Responses

Which of the following statements about plant toxins against herbivores is false?

How does systemin cause the activation of the wound response in tomato plants?

Parasitic fungi will usually attack a plant through stomata on the root surface.

The steps in the pathogen-specific response do not include

In your garden,you have an Ailanthus altissima,also known as the Tree-of-Heaven.You try adding additional plants to the same garden bed,but notice poor seed germination and seedling growth around the tree.What is the most likely explanation for this?

Cyanogenic glycosides,which break down into cyanide,are toxic to cells because they inhibit the function of which organelle(s)?

Parasitoid wasps are sometimes involved in a plant's defensive response.In what way are the wasps helpful to the plant?

Viruses travel through animals mainly by lysing cells and then spreading to other cells.Plant cells are not easily lysed.If a pathogen enters a plant cell and does not initiate a hypersensitive response,what is the most likely way the virus would spread to other plant cells?

What is the main difference between plant defense mechanisms that use secondary chemical metabolites versus plant defense mechanisms that use a systemic response?

Systemic response occurs when plants exhibit generalized defense responses in organs distant from the wound.

Which of the following chemicals is a signal that induces systemic acquired resistance?

Nonnative plant invaders,such as the alfalfa plant bug,are extremely invasive and hard to control because

Which of the following steps is not one of the phases of a fungal invasion of a plant?

Why don't ants that protect the Acacia tree scare off bees trying to pollinate the tree's flowers?

How does jasmonic acid contribute to the activation of the wound response in tomato plants?

The activation of proteinase inhibitor genes occurs

Tannins are chemicals that help plants repel invaders by

Which of the following is a false statement about plant secondary metabolites?

Which of the following methods do fungi use in order to penetrate the initial layer of a plant's defenses?

Using biotechnology,plant breeders attempt to find and incorporate specific resistance genes into plants that lack them.Once a plant has been given a resistance gene,it will have indefinite protection from the associated pathogen.

The Science of Biology

The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water

The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

Cell Structure

Membranes

Energy and Metabolism

How Cells Harvest Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

How Cells Divide

Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis

Patterns of Inheritance

Chromosomes, mapping, and the Meiosisinheritance Connection

Dna: the Genetic Material

Genes and How They Work

Control of Gene Expression

Biotechnology

Genomics

Cellular Mechanisms of Development

Genes Within Populations

The Evidence for Evolution

The Origin of Species

Systematics,phylogenies,and Comparative Biology

Genome Evolution

The Origin and Diversity of Life

Viruses

Prokaryotes

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

Fungi

Animal Diversity and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostomes

Deuterostomes

Plant Form

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition and Soils

Sensory Systems in Plants

Plant Reproduction

The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation

The Nervous System

Sensory Systems

The Endocrine System

The Musculoskeletal System

The Digestive System

The Respiratory System

The Circulatory System

Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System

The Immune System

The Reproductive System

Animal Development

Behavioral Biology

Ecology of Individuals and Populations

Community Ecology

Dynamics of Ecosystems

The Biosphere and Human Impacts

Conservation Biology

Filters