Question 1

Most herbivores belong to which animal group?

Accepted Answer

A)  Birds 
B)  Insects 
C)  Reptiles 
D)  Mammals 
E)  Amphibians 
A)  Birds 
B)  Insects 
C)  Reptiles 
D)  Mammals 
E)  Amphibians

Question 2

The thick bark of a tree that deters pathogens from entering and protects the tree from herbivores is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  elicitor. 
B)  immune system. 
C)  evoked defense. 
D)  induced defense. 
E)  constitutive defense. 
A)  elicitor. 
B)  immune system. 
C)  evoked defense. 
D)  induced defense. 
E)  constitutive defense.

Question 3

Which of the following is not a hypersensitive reaction of a plant to infection?

Accepted Answer

A)  Transport of phytoalexins to all parts of the plant 
B)  Death of cells near the infection 
C)  Synthesis of polysaccharides to seal off the infection 
D)  Death of infected cells 
E)  Production of phytoalexins by cells around the infection 
A)  Transport of phytoalexins to all parts of the plant 
B)  Death of cells near the infection 
C)  Synthesis of polysaccharides to seal off the infection 
D)  Death of infected cells 
E)  Production of phytoalexins by cells around the infection

Question 4

Some halophytic plants have salt glands that

Accepted Answer

A)  accumulate salt in their roots. 
B)  serve as barriers to salt intake. 
C)  secrete salt onto the leaf surface. 
D)  increase water loss from the plant. 
E)  maintain high salt concentrations in the plant. 
A)  accumulate salt in their roots. 
B)  serve as barriers to salt intake. 
C)  secrete salt onto the leaf surface. 
D)  increase water loss from the plant. 
E)  maintain high salt concentrations in the plant.

Question 5

Plants produce alkaloid neurotoxins such as nicotine to deter herbivores.These chemicals can be classified as both

Accepted Answer

A)  primary metabolites and constitutive defenses. 
B)  secondary metabolites and constitutive defenses. 
C)  primary metabolites and induced defenses. 
D)  secondary metabolites and induced defenses. 
E)  secondary metabolites and mechanical defenses. 
A)  primary metabolites and constitutive defenses. 
B)  secondary metabolites and constitutive defenses. 
C)  primary metabolites and induced defenses. 
D)  secondary metabolites and induced defenses. 
E)  secondary metabolites and mechanical defenses.

Question 6

During drought stress in plants,a signaling pathway initiates the production of two types of substances: _______ to conserve water and maintain cell membrane integrity,and _______ to stabilize protein structure.

Accepted Answer

A)  jasmonic acid;abscisic acid 
B)  abscisic acid;jasmonic acid 
C)  LEA proteins;abscisic acid 
D)  abscisic acid;LEA proteins 
E)  LEA proteins;jasmonic acid 
A)  jasmonic acid;abscisic acid 
B)  abscisic acid;jasmonic acid 
C)  LEA proteins;abscisic acid 
D)  abscisic acid;LEA proteins 
E)  LEA proteins;jasmonic acid

Question 7

A plant producing high levels of methyl salicylate and synthesizing large numbers of PR proteins is most likely showing

Accepted Answer

A)  necrotic lesions. 
B)  a constitutive defense. 
C)  a hypersensitive response. 
D)  systemic acquired resistance. 
E)  a response to herbivores. 
A)  necrotic lesions. 
B)  a constitutive defense. 
C)  a hypersensitive response. 
D)  systemic acquired resistance. 
E)  a response to herbivores.

Question 8

Production of siRNAs in plant immunity results in _______,which provides the plant with systemic resistance against _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  recombinant DNA;viruses 
B)  RNA degradation;bacteria 
C)  RNA interference;viruses 
D)  RNA interference;bacteria 
E)  RNA degradation;both viruses and bacteria 
A)  recombinant DNA;viruses 
B)  RNA degradation;bacteria 
C)  RNA interference;viruses 
D)  RNA interference;bacteria 
E)  RNA degradation;both viruses and bacteria

Question 9

Scientists working to produce a transgenic rice plant containing a fish gene that codes for an antifreeze protein are most likely trying to

Accepted Answer

A)  determine if fish genes can survive in plants. 
B)  produce a rice plant that grows at colder temperatures. 
C)  produce a rice plant that speeds up the growth of ice crystals in freezing weather. 
D)  produce a rice plant that undergoes cold-hardening more quickly. 
E)  produce a rice plant that is more suitable for high temperature ranges. 
A)  determine if fish genes can survive in plants. 
B)  produce a rice plant that grows at colder temperatures. 
C)  produce a rice plant that speeds up the growth of ice crystals in freezing weather. 
D)  produce a rice plant that undergoes cold-hardening more quickly. 
E)  produce a rice plant that is more suitable for high temperature ranges.

Question 10

The pneumatophores of swamp plants are modified

Accepted Answer

A)  flowers. 
B)  leaves. 
C)  roots. 
D)  spines. 
E)  stems. 
A)  flowers. 
B)  leaves. 
C)  roots. 
D)  spines. 
E)  stems.

Question 11

An accumulation of proline and secondary metabolites in vacuoles helps plants counteract which type of environmental stress?

Accepted Answer

A)  Heat 
B)  Cold 
C)  Drought 
D)  Saturation 
E)  High heavy metal concentrations 
A)  Heat 
B)  Cold 
C)  Drought 
D)  Saturation 
E)  High heavy metal concentrations

Question 12

Laticifers in milkweed plants (Asclepias sp. )are storage areas for latex containing toxic defensive chemicals.Milkweeds are able to protect themselves from their own toxic chemicals by

Accepted Answer

A)  storing the latex in tubelike laticifers that empty into xylem tubes. 
B)  storing the latex in tubelike laticifers that empty into phloem tubes. 
C)  storing the latex in tubelike laticifers that run along the veins. 
D)  only synthesizing chemicals to store in latex when they are needed. 
E)  allowing the latex to leak out when it begins to poison the plant. 
A)  storing the latex in tubelike laticifers that empty into xylem tubes. 
B)  storing the latex in tubelike laticifers that empty into phloem tubes. 
C)  storing the latex in tubelike laticifers that run along the veins. 
D)  only synthesizing chemicals to store in latex when they are needed. 
E)  allowing the latex to leak out when it begins to poison the plant.

Question 13

If the concentration of LEA proteins in a plant is decreasing,the plant is most likely experiencing

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased drought stress. 
B)  decreased heat stress. 
C)  increased drought stress. 
D)  increased heat stress. 
E)  decreased heavy metal concentrations. 
A)  decreased drought stress. 
B)  decreased heat stress. 
C)  increased drought stress. 
D)  increased heat stress. 
E)  decreased heavy metal concentrations.

Question 14

One way systemic acquired resistance in plants differs from the hypersensitive reaction is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  only acts against viruses. 
B)  affects only a small region of the plant. 
C)  begins with the production of salicylic acid. 
D)  uses apoptosis as a major mechanism of action. 
E)  only acts on the pathogen that originally triggered it. 
A)  only acts against viruses. 
B)  affects only a small region of the plant. 
C)  begins with the production of salicylic acid. 
D)  uses apoptosis as a major mechanism of action. 
E)  only acts on the pathogen that originally triggered it.

Question 15

Which of the following would most likely function as a plant's "first line of defense" against an herbivore?

Accepted Answer

A)  Trichomes 
B)  Canavanine 
C)  Production of jasmonic acid 
D)  Change in cell membrane potential 
E)  Secondary metabolite that inhibits development 
A)  Trichomes 
B)  Canavanine 
C)  Production of jasmonic acid 
D)  Change in cell membrane potential 
E)  Secondary metabolite that inhibits development

Question 16

Tobacco contains a resistance gene that recognizes a specific avirulence gene in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)and mobilizes the plant's defenses against it.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  general immunity. 
B)  gene-for-gene resistance. 
C)  a hypersensitive response. 
D)  systemic acquired resistance. 
E)  a pathogen associated molecular pattern. 
A)  general immunity. 
B)  gene-for-gene resistance. 
C)  a hypersensitive response. 
D)  systemic acquired resistance. 
E)  a pathogen associated molecular pattern.

Question 17

Attacks on plants by herbivores differ from attacks by pathogens since herbivores

Accepted Answer

A)  cause most of their damage by physically feeding on plants. 
B)  are all generalists,feeding on many different types of plants. 
C)  cause most of their damage by producing secondary metabolites. 
D)  are all specialists,feeding on only one type of plant. 
E)  cannot be controlled by constitutive or induced defenses. 
A)  cause most of their damage by physically feeding on plants. 
B)  are all generalists,feeding on many different types of plants. 
C)  cause most of their damage by producing secondary metabolites. 
D)  are all specialists,feeding on only one type of plant. 
E)  cannot be controlled by constitutive or induced defenses.

Question 18

The toxicity of the secondary metabolite canavanine is based on its ability to

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibit respiration. 
B)  act as a neurotoxin. 
C)  alter protein structure. 
D)  deter insects from feeding. 
E)  damage the digestive tract. 
A)  inhibit respiration. 
B)  act as a neurotoxin. 
C)  alter protein structure. 
D)  deter insects from feeding. 
E)  damage the digestive tract.

Question 19

Why does the change in cell membrane potential occur so quickly when an herbivore attacks a plant?

Accepted Answer

A)  The response relies on chemicals that are already present in the plant. 
B)  The response relies on chemical signals,which are always rapid. 
C)  The response relies on an elicitor,which can be made quickly. 
D)  The membrane is the cell structure closest to the environment. 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  The response relies on chemicals that are already present in the plant. 
B)  The response relies on chemical signals,which are always rapid. 
C)  The response relies on an elicitor,which can be made quickly. 
D)  The membrane is the cell structure closest to the environment. 
E)  Both b and c

Question 20

A specific immune response triggered by a pathogen involves several steps.Which of these steps occurs first?

Accepted Answer

A)  R proteins trigger specific immune responses. 
B)  PR proteins signal cells that have not yet been attacked. 
C)  Effector binds to cytoplasmic receptor (R protein)inside the cell. 
D)  Signaling molecules in the cell trigger production of defensive molecules. 
E)  Substances are produced to strengthen the cell wall and block plasmodesmata. 
A)  R proteins trigger specific immune responses. 
B)  PR proteins signal cells that have not yet been attacked. 
C)  Effector binds to cytoplasmic receptor (R protein)inside the cell. 
D)  Signaling molecules in the cell trigger production of defensive molecules. 
E)  Substances are produced to strengthen the cell wall and block plasmodesmata.

Exam 28: Plants in the Environment

Most herbivores belong to which animal group?

The thick bark of a tree that deters pathogens from entering and protects the tree from herbivores is an example of a(n)

Which of the following is not a hypersensitive reaction of a plant to infection?

Some halophytic plants have salt glands that

Plants produce alkaloid neurotoxins such as nicotine to deter herbivores.These chemicals can be classified as both

During drought stress in plants,a signaling pathway initiates the production of two types of substances: _______ to conserve water and maintain cell membrane integrity,and _______ to stabilize protein structure.

A plant producing high levels of methyl salicylate and synthesizing large numbers of PR proteins is most likely showing

Production of siRNAs in plant immunity results in _______,which provides the plant with systemic resistance against _______.

Scientists working to produce a transgenic rice plant containing a fish gene that codes for an antifreeze protein are most likely trying to

The pneumatophores of swamp plants are modified

An accumulation of proline and secondary metabolites in vacuoles helps plants counteract which type of environmental stress?

Laticifers in milkweed plants (Asclepias sp. )are storage areas for latex containing toxic defensive chemicals.Milkweeds are able to protect themselves from their own toxic chemicals by

If the concentration of LEA proteins in a plant is decreasing,the plant is most likely experiencing

One way systemic acquired resistance in plants differs from the hypersensitive reaction is that it

Which of the following would most likely function as a plant's "first line of defense" against an herbivore?

Tobacco contains a resistance gene that recognizes a specific avirulence gene in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)and mobilizes the plant's defenses against it.This is an example of

Attacks on plants by herbivores differ from attacks by pathogens since herbivores

The toxicity of the secondary metabolite canavanine is based on its ability to

Why does the change in cell membrane potential occur so quickly when an herbivore attacks a plant?

A specific immune response triggered by a pathogen involves several steps.Which of these steps occurs first?

Introduction

The Chemistry and Energy of Life

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Pathways That Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

DNA and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Biotechnology

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Processes of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Evolution of Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and Diversity

The Plant Body

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Plant Growth and Development

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Fundamentals of Animal Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Breathing

Circulation

Muscle and Movement

Neurons, Sense Organs, and Nervous Systems

Nervous and Endocrine Control

Water and Salts: Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Behavior

The Distribution of Earths Ecological Systems

Populations

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Interactions Within and Among Species

Ecological Communities

The Global Ecosystem

Filters

During drought stress in plants,a signaling pathway initiates the production of two types of substances: _ to conserve water and maintain cell membrane integrity,and _ to stabilize protein structure.

Production of siRNAs in plant immunity results in _,which provides the plant with systemic resistance against _.