Question 1

Discuss some of the errors in perceptual judgment made by interviewers in job interviews.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss some of the errors in perceptual...

Question 2

People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Randy always turns in reports with punctuation errors. The reports of the three other employees on the QA report writing team always produce grammatically clean reports. Randy is about to turn in another report, and his manager has already noticed errors. Randy demonstrates ________. His sloppy reports can be attributed to an ________ cause.

Accepted Answer

A)  low distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency; internal 
B)  high distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency; external 
C)  low distinctiveness, high consensus, and high consistency; internal 
D)  low distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency; external 
E)  high distinctiveness, high consensus, and high consistency; internal

Question 4

When we draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance we are using a shortcut called the contrast effect.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

The students in your class are presenting their oral presentations in front of the entire class. You have heard that there are several frequently used shortcuts to judging others and are wondering if any of these are being used by your teacher.
-You have heard that the teacher believes that men perform better in oral presentations than women. What shortcut has the teacher used in this case?

Accepted Answer

A)  the halo effect 
B)  the contrast effect 
C)  the hindsight bias 
D)  stereotyping 
E)  the self-serving bias

Question 6

Whenever Jane is successful she takes full credit for her success, but whenever she is unsuccessful she attributes her failure to bad luck or blames one of her fellow employees. She is guilty of the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  fundamental attribution error 
B)  attribution bias 
C)  confirmation bias 
D)  distinction bias 
E)  self-serving bias

Question 7

Investors bragged about their investing expertise in the stock market rally between 1996 and early 2000. Knowing individuals rely on the self-serving bias to explain failure, which of the following explanations would an investor be most likely to state after the market imploded in 2000?

Accepted Answer

A)  I did not do sufficient research before investing. 
B)  The analysts did not look at the numbers properly. 
C)  I really should have seen it coming. 
D)  My broker advised me to pull out, but I was blind. 
E)  I really should have diversified my earnings.

Question 8

For many people, a 50-50 flip of a coin for $100 might not be worth as much as a sure promise of $50, even though the gamble is mathematically worth twice as much as the sure thing. This is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  selective perception 
B)  self-serving bias 
C)  risk aversion 
D)  availability bias 
E)  confirmation bias

Question 9

Our perception of reality can be substantially different from objective reality.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

A common tendency related to the overconfidence bias is that as managers and employees become more knowledgeable about an issue, they become more likely to display overconfidence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Two people see the same thing at the same time yet interpret it differently. In this situation, factors that operate to shape their dissimilar perceptions reside in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  perceivers 
B)  target 
C)  timing 
D)  context 
E)  situation

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  An employee is late to work because he was partying late and overslept. 
B)  An employee is late because of a flat tire. 
C)  An employee was fired because he violated a company policy. 
D)  An employee was promoted because he was hard working. 
E)  An employee died from lung cancer after excessive tobacco use.

Question 13

"A third criterion is to impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially to ensure justice or an equitable distribution of benefits and costs." Which of the following statements is true regarding this criterion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Union members typically oppose this view. 
B)  It justifies paying people based on their performance. 
C)  It promotes risk taking and innovation. 
D)  It increases productivity. 
E)  It protects the interests of the underrepresented and less powerful.

Question 14

Explain how stereotyping can cause problems for some managers when making ethical decisions. Provide an example.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how stereotyping can cause problems for...

Question 15

The ________ bias can explain why managers doing performance appraisals give more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier.

Accepted Answer

A)  self-serving 
B)  availability 
C)  distinction 
D)  confirmation 
E)  hindsight

Question 16

People who carefully gather and consider information consistent with the rational decision-making model are more likely to engage in escalation of commitment than those who spend less time thinking about their choices.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

David is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are dangerous drivers. He often thinks that people driving SUVs are driving rashly, even when other observers can see nothing wrong with the behavior of the SUV drivers. What factor is affecting his perception in this case?

Accepted Answer

A)  his interests 
B)  his personality 
C)  his expectations 
D)  his motives 
E)  his attitude

Question 18

It is easier to deal with an unmanageable number of stimuli if we use heuristics.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

In a study conducted by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, the two showed that when asked to guess the percentage of African nations which are members of the United Nations, people who were first asked "Was it more or less than 10%?" guessed lower values (25% on average) than those who had been asked if it was more or less than 65% (45% on average). This example best represents the ________

Accepted Answer

A)  anchoring bias 
B)  contrast effect 
C)  confirmation bias 
D)  availability bias 
E)  hindsight bias

Question 20

You are part of a group, making a decision about whether it is appropriate to discontinue research on a new drug. This new drug would save lives, but it is uncertain whether you can develop it within a reasonable time frame and at a reasonable cost. Your firm has already spent a small fortune on this drug. You have gathered so much information in preparation to making the decision that you are unable to sort the good information from the superfluous data. You just feel that this project has merit.
-Which of the following is an example of a shortcut used in judging others?

Accepted Answer

A)  hindsight bias 
B)  confirmation bias 
C)  stereotyping 
D)  randomness error 
E)  availability bias

Exam 6: Perception and Individual Decision Making

Discuss some of the errors in perceptual judgment made by interviewers in job interviews.

People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

When we draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance we are using a shortcut called the contrast effect.

Whenever Jane is successful she takes full credit for her success, but whenever she is unsuccessful she attributes her failure to bad luck or blames one of her fellow employees. She is guilty of the ________.

Investors bragged about their investing expertise in the stock market rally between 1996 and early 2000. Knowing individuals rely on the self-serving bias to explain failure, which of the following explanations would an investor be most likely to state after the market imploded in 2000?

For many people, a 50-50 flip of a coin for $100 might not be worth as much as a sure promise of $50, even though the gamble is mathematically worth twice as much as the sure thing. This is an example of ________.

Our perception of reality can be substantially different from objective reality.

A common tendency related to the overconfidence bias is that as managers and employees become more knowledgeable about an issue, they become more likely to display overconfidence.

Two people see the same thing at the same time yet interpret it differently. In this situation, factors that operate to shape their dissimilar perceptions reside in the ________.

Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior?

"A third criterion is to impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially to ensure justice or an equitable distribution of benefits and costs." Which of the following statements is true regarding this criterion?

Explain how stereotyping can cause problems for some managers when making ethical decisions. Provide an example.

The ________ bias can explain why managers doing performance appraisals give more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier.

People who carefully gather and consider information consistent with the rational decision-making model are more likely to engage in escalation of commitment than those who spend less time thinking about their choices.

David is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are dangerous drivers. He often thinks that people driving SUVs are driving rashly, even when other observers can see nothing wrong with the behavior of the SUV drivers. What factor is affecting his perception in this case?

It is easier to deal with an unmanageable number of stimuli if we use heuristics.