Question 1

What is the role of a person's beliefs about his or her social surroundings in determining the likelihood of becoming an addict?

Accepted Answer

A)  An individual who overestimates how much his or her peers use drugs or alcohol is at increased risk for addiction. 
B)  An individual who underestimates how much his or her peers use drugs or alcohol is at risk for addiction. 
C)  Both a and b. 
D)  None of the above; social beliefs have no bearing on the risk of addiction.

Question 2

A participant sits in front of a screen in which one picture is presented to one eye while an entirely different picture is presented to the other eye. What experience will the person report?

Accepted Answer

A)  the picture shown to the dominant eye 
B)  the picture shown to the left eye 
C)  the picture shown to the right eye 
D)  an apparent flip-flop of the images

Question 3

Petre experiences a dream, but he reports that it was very patchy, like he was thinking about something and the dream contained very few details. He most likely experienced this dream during which stage of sleep?

Accepted Answer

A)  stage 1 sleep 
B)  stage 2 sleep 
C)  slow-wave sleep 
D)  REM sleep

Question 4

Which area(s) of the brain are most activated during dreaming?

Accepted Answer

A)  the limbic system 
B)  motor cortex 
C)  prefrontal cortex 
D)  both a and b

Question 5

Which area(s) of the brain show diminished activated during dreaming?

Accepted Answer

A)  the limbic system 
B)  motor cortex 
C)  prefrontal cortex 
D)  none of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of MDMA?

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional elation 
B)  feelings of pleasure 
C)  mild hallucinations 
D)  sedation

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT typical content of dreams?

Accepted Answer

A)  experiences or people you have met or experienced 
B)  sexual content 
C)  recurring themes 
D)  odd combinations of everyday events

Question 8

Hypnosis allows people to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  relive their pasts 
B)  perform feats of agility of which they would otherwise be incapable 
C)  be unusually cooperative and to place undue trust in another person 
D)  all of the above

Question 9

Justin chants a single word while sitting very quietly with his eyes closed. He experiences a state of deep relaxation and a sense of dissociation. Justin is engaging in which of the following activities?

Accepted Answer

A)  focused meditation 
B)  hypnosis 
C)  posthypnotic analgesia 
D)  sleep

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of stimulants?

Accepted Answer

A)  increase in blood pressure 
B)  increase in heart rate 
C)  overall increases in general alertness 
D)  increased digestion

Question 11

Implicit memory refers to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  memory that is separate from conscious awareness 
B)  memory that is closely tied to conscious awareness 
C)  memory for the past 
D)  anterograde memories

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of introspection?

Accepted Answer

A)  asking a child "how hungry are you?" 
B)  asking a patient if they feel pain after an injury 
C)  asking a subject "Do these lines appear the same length or not?" 
D)  all of the above

Question 13

A person reports being totally deaf, yet she gives vigorous startle responses to loud sounds. Of such occasions she reports, "I just felt I had to crouch quickly." These findings would be most similar to findings from studies on __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  selective attention and the cocktail-party effect 
B)  people with blindsight 
C)  the effects of mental set on the perception of ambiguous figures 
D)  people who have reasonably good generic memory but virtually no procedural memory

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the organization of the attention in the brain?

Accepted Answer

A)  Attentional mechanisms are probably implemented through mechanisms in the prefrontal cortex, but influences activity in many other areas. 
B)  Attentional mechanisms are implemented primarily through the reticular activating formation and do not involve the prefrontal cortex. 
C)  Attention is very disperse and modulated by most parts of the brain, including the brain stem and cortex. 
D)  The mechanisms of attention remain unknown, due to the limitations of understanding consciousness.

Question 15

Modern researchers use all but which of the following procedures to study conscious experiences?

Accepted Answer

A)  physiological measures such as EEGs 
B)  examination of behaviors that may occur without conscious awareness 
C)  examination of how consciousness may change during processes such as hypnosis or meditation 
D)  scientific measures such as introspection

Question 16

Darrin uses nose drops to help his nose feel less "stuffy." He has been frequently using the nose drops for several weeks. He now notices that it takes a higher and higher dose of the nose drops to get the same effect. You can conclude that Darrin now shows __________ the nose drop solution.

Accepted Answer

A)  tolerance to 
B)  cravings for 
C)  preference for 
D)  withdrawal from

Question 17

Which of the following individuals require the most sleep?

Accepted Answer

A)  babies 
B)  adolescents 
C)  adults 
D)  the elderly

Question 18

Which of the following brain parts are not implicated by the activation-synthesis hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  reticular formation 
B)  medulla 
C)  lateral geniculate nuclei 
D)  pons

Question 19

Which is the best conclusion regarding the debate between psychological dependence versus physiological dependence?

Accepted Answer

A)  These are two very separable and definable states. 
B)  The distinction between the two is very difficult to determine. 
C)  The distinction is easy to make when the substance is a drug, but difficult to determine when the addiction is an activity. 
D)  These are really just different names for the same body reaction.

Question 20

During which state are dreams most likely to be reported?

Accepted Answer

A)  stage 1 sleep 
B)  stage 2 sleep 
C)  stage 3 or 4 sleep 
D)  REM sleep

Exam 6: Consciousness