Question 1

When stretch receptors in the aorta and carotid arteries detect an increase in blood pressure, they inhibit release of _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When stretch receptors in the aorta and...

Question 2

Refer to the figure of the human kidney.  Which region of the kidney is indicated by 1? Which parts of the nephron are in this region?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure of the human...

Question 3

Considering the arrangement of blood vessels in the vertebrate kidney bringing blood to and from the glomerulus, a(n) _______ in the diameter of the _______ could result in a decreased rate of filtration.

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease; renal venule 
B)  decrease; efferent arteriole 
C)  increase; afferent arteriole 
D)  increase; efferent arteriole 
E)  increase; peritubular capillaries

Question 4

You are a physician and have just diagnosed a male patient with gout.Which symptom would you not expect to see in your patient?

Accepted Answer

A)  His body has difficulty excreting uric acid. 
B)  His diet includes too much beef, which is high in nucleic acids. 
C)  His diet includes too much beer. 
D)  He first feels pain in joints closest to the core of his body. 
E)  He has abnormally high levels of uric acid in his extracellular fluid.

Question 5

Which statement about angiotensin is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It constricts the efferent renal arteries. 
B)  It acts on the brain to stimulate thirst. 
C)  It leads to release of aldosterone. 
D)  It leads to decreased central blood pressure. 
E)  It constricts peripheral blood vessels throughout the body.

Question 6

With respect to osmoregulation, marine bony fishes do not

Accepted Answer

A)  produce urine that is less concentrated than their extracellular fluids. 
B)  maintain extracellular fluids at one-third to one-half the osmolarity of seawater. 
C)  absorb some ions from their gut that they take in. 
D)  actively excrete NaCl across gill membranes. 
E)  produce little urine.

Question 7

The autoregulatory mechanisms of the kidneys ensure that the _______ remains constant when cardiac output or blood pressure decrease.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The autoregulatory mechanisms of the kidneys ensure...

Question 8

Refer to the figure of the human kidney.  Identify structure 4.Then name the two previous types of vessels that blood flows through before reaching structure 4.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure of the human...

Question 9

When a person is undergoing dialysis, the substances that need to be conserved in the blood should be _______, and those that need to be removed from the blood should be _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  at lower concentrations in the dialysis fluid than the blood; absent from the dialysis fluid 
B)  at higher concentrations in the dialysis fluid than the blood; present in the dialysis fluid 
C)  at lower concentrations in the dialysis fluid than the blood; at higher concentrations in the dialysis fluid 
D)  at the same concentrations in the dialysis fluid as the blood; absent from the dialysis fluid 
E)  at the same concentrations in the dialysis fluid as the blood; at higher concentrations in the dialysis fluid

Question 10

The length of the _______ relative to overall kidney size indicates potential maximum urine concentration.

Accepted Answer

A)  renal pyramid 
B)  proximal convoluted tubule 
C)  distal convoluted tubule 
D)  loop of Henle 
E)  collecting duct

Question 11

Kidney failure results in a(n) _______ in blood pH.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kidney failure results in a(n) _______ in...

Question 12

A scientist wishing to study a vertebrate animal that is an osmoconformer might choose a study species from which group?

Accepted Answer

A)  Marine bony fishes 
B)  Marine mammals 
C)  Hagfishes 
D)  Birds 
E)  Freshwater bony fishes

Question 13

Which is the critical feature that enables the mammalian kidney to concentrate urine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proximal convoluted tubules with many microvilli 
B)  Nephrons with short loops of Henle 
C)  Long collecting ducts 
D)  Nephrons with long loops of Henle 
E)  Long distal convoluted tubules

Question 14

Refer to the figure showing the vertebrate nephron.  Based on the figure, which statement is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Structure 1 is an efferent arteriole. 
B)  Structure 2 is the glomerulus, where blood is filtered. 
C)  Structure 4 brings materials to the tubules that will be secreted into the urine. 
D)  Structure 4 carries reabsorbed materials away from the tubules. 
E)  Structure 5 is a renal venule.

Question 15

When considering the main type of nitrogenous waste excreted, tadpoles are ammonotelic and excrete ammonia across their gills, but adult frogs and toads are _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When considering the main type of nitrogenous...

Question 16

Which statement about humans and nitrogenous waste is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The primary nitrogenous waste of humans is urea. 
B)  The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the human urinary system changes with developmental stage. 
C)  Excreted ammonia buffers urine in humans. 
D)  Solubility of uric acid decreases with temperature, which is why it precipitates first in the extremities. 
E)  Most uric acid in humans comes from metabolism of nucleic acids.

Question 17

Each segment of an earthworm has a pair of _______ to process its nitrogenous wastes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Each segment of an earthworm has a...

Question 18

Which feature does not characterize ammonia?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is the most common nitrogenous waste. 
B)  It is highly toxic. 
C)  It is highly soluble in water and diffuses rapidly. 
D)  It is excreted continuously across the gills of many aquatic animals. 
E)  It is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine of terrestrial animals.

Question 19

The nitrogenous waste _______, which is less toxic than ammonia, is highly soluble in water, but its excretion can result in large loss of water from the animal.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The nitrogenous waste _______, which is less...

Question 20

Of the molecules listed, which is the most toxic to cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Water 
B)  Sodium chloride 
C)  Ammonia 
D)  Urea 
E)  Uric acid

Exam 51: Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion