Question 1

When blood pressure falls,

Accepted Answer

A)   afferent renal arterioles constrict.
B)   angiotensin is inhibited.
C)   efferent glomerular arterioles dilate.
D)   thirst is inhibited.
E)   renin is released from the kidneys. E

Question 2

Refer to the figure showing the excretory systems of flatworms.  Identify structure 2, and describe its function.What tubular structures in annelids carry out excretory functions similar to that of the tubular structures pictured here?

Accepted Answer

Structure 2 is the excretory pore through which wastes leave the flatworm's body. The metanephridia of annelids serve an excretory function similar to that of the protonephridia shown here.

Question 3

Brine shrimp Artemia that normally live in salt ponds are experimentally moved to an environment of dilute seawater.What will be the most likely physiological response of the shrimp to this change?

Accepted Answer

A)   They will transport salt out of their extracellular fluids to the environment.
B)   They will move water across their gill membranes by means of active transport.
C)   They will maintain osmolarity of their extracellular fluids below environmental levels.
D)   They will osmoconform with their surroundings.
E)   They will transport salt from the environment to their extracellular fluids. E

Question 4

Birds excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid, which means that they are _______ organisms.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Birds excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid,...

Question 5

Which statement about hagfishes is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   They are osmoconformers and ionic regulators.
B)   They retain urea.
C)   They are osmoconformers and ionic conformers.
D)   They are osmoregulators and ionic conformers.
E)   They are osmoregulators and ionic regulators.

Question 6

A scientist interested in studying aquaporins plans to examine the parts of mammalian nephrons in which large numbers of aquaporins can be found.This researcher might choose to examine all of the following except the

Accepted Answer

A)   thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
B)   collecting duct.
C)   descending limb of the loop of Henle.
D)   distal convoluted tubule.
E)   proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 7

Cartilaginous fishes get rid of excess salt taken in when feeding by

Accepted Answer

A)   excretion via their nasal glands.
B)   drinking large amounts of seawater.
C)   concentrating salts in their blood.
D)   excretion via the rectal gland.
E)   excreting salts at their gills.

Question 8

Considering the arrangement of blood vessels in the vertebrate kidney bringing blood to and from the glomerulus, a(n) _______ in the diameter of the _______ could result in an increased rate of filtration.

Accepted Answer

A)   increase; afferent arteriole
B)   decrease; afferent arteriole
C)   decrease; renal venule
D)   increase; efferent arteriole
E)   increase; peritubular capillaries

Question 9

While studying histological sections of a mammalian kidney, you come across a slide labeled "inner medulla." Which structure might you see on this slide?

Accepted Answer

A)   Bowman's capsule
B)   Proximal convoluted tubule
C)   Glomerulus
D)   Loop of Henle
E)   Distal convoluted tubule

Question 10

Which features make up the internal core, or medulla, of the mammalian kidneys?

Accepted Answer

A)   Renal pyramids
B)   Proximal convoluted tubules
C)   Distal convoluted tubules
D)   Loops of Henle
E)   Glomeruli

Question 11

The loop of Henle functions as a countercurrent multiplier mechanism.In this context, "countercurrent" refers to the flow of filtrate in opposite directions in the descending and ascending limbs of the Loop of Henle, and "multiplier" refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)   different permeabilities of the descending and ascending limbs.
B)   amount of water conserved as a multiple of the length of the loop.
C)   creation of a solute concentration gradient in the interstitial fluids of the medulla.
D)   increasing concentration of filtrate as it flows through the loop.
E)   process by which active transport in the descending and ascending limbs multiplies the concentration gradient within the filtrate.

Question 12

Evaluate the following statement: Some freshwater animals conserve energy by osmoconforming to their environment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Evaluate the following statement: Some freshwater animals...

Question 13

Alcohol and stretch receptors in the aorta and carotid arteries are similar in that they

Accepted Answer

A)   inhibit antidiuretic hormone (ADH)  release.
B)   stimulate antidiuretic hormone (ADH)  release.
C)   inhibit aldosterone release.
D)   stimulate aldosterone release.
E)   stimulate atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)  release.

Question 14

Which feature does not characterize osmoconformers?

Accepted Answer

A)   They equilibrate osmolarity of extracellular fluid with that of the surrounding environment.
B)   They include many marine invertebrates.
C)   They save energy by not having to move ions across membranes.
D)   They can maintain extracellular fluid at the osmolarity of fresh water.
E)   Invertebrate osmoconformers regulate ions other than Na+ and Cl-.

Question 15

Which statement about the collecting ducts of nephrons is false?

Accepted Answer

A)   Collecting ducts run from the cortex, through the medulla, and empty at the ureter.
B)   The fluid within collecting ducts becomes increasingly concentrated as water leaves by osmosis.
C)   Urea is the major solute within collecting ducts.
D)   The ability of mammals to concentrate urine depends on the lengths of their collecting ducts.
E)   Urea diffuses out of collecting ducts but is recycled via the loop of Henle.

Question 16

Which would not be one of the body's responses to dehydration caused by foodborne illness?

Accepted Answer

A)   Release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
B)   Increased reabsorption of water
C)   Increased permeability of the collecting ducts
D)   Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)  by the heart
E)   Decreased volume of urine produced

Question 17

Which statement about osmosis is false?

Accepted Answer

A)   The solute concentration of extracellular fluid affects the volume of the cells it bathes.
B)   The movement of water across a plasma membrane depends on differences in solute concentration on the two sides of the membrane.
C)   As the number of osmotically active solutes per liter of solvent increases, osmolarity decreases.
D)   The movement of water across a plasma membrane depends on permeability of the membrane.
E)   The solute concentration of extracellular fluid affects the solute concentration of the cells it bathes.

Question 18

In contrast to urea, _______ is not very soluble in water, and its excretion results in little water loss from the animal.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In contrast to urea, _______ is not...

Question 19

Choose the incorrect pairing between animal group and description with respect to major excretory product.

Accepted Answer

A)   Humans-ureotelic
B)   Bony fishes-ureotelic
C)   Insects-uricotelic
D)   Adult frogs-ureotelic
E)   Tadpoles-ammonotelic

Question 20

Cartilaginous fishes (members of Chondrichthyes) face a situation similar to that of _______, in that water tends to move _______ their bodies by osmosis.

Accepted Answer

A)   saltwater bony fishes; out of
B)   freshwater fishes; into
C)   saltwater bony fishes; into
D)   freshwater fishes; out of
E)   hagfishes; out of

Exam 51: Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion