Question 1

Identify and describe two observational methods of research. For each method, discuss an advantage of its use.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify and describe two observational methods of...

Question 2

If the correlation between variable A and variable B is .20, then variable A explains _____ of the variance in variable B.

Accepted Answer

A) .02 
B) .04 
C) .20 
D) .40

Question 3

The goals of science include description, explanation, control, and:

Accepted Answer

A) expectation. 
B) prescription. 
C) confirmation. 
D) prediction.

Question 4

Identify and describe the four main goals of science.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify and describe the four main goals...

Question 5

Aneen wants to know which students will succeed in a gifted program, so she administers a test at the beginning of the year. At the end of the year, she finds that the test results correlate with those students' grades. The test has demonstrated:

Accepted Answer

A) content validity. 
B) predictive validity. 
C) concurrent validity. 
D) divergent validity.

Question 6

_____ is the extent to which we can draw causal inferences about the variables in an experiment.

Accepted Answer

A) External validity 
B) Extraneous validity 
C) Content validity 
D) Internal validity

Question 7

Which of these is a goal of science?

Accepted Answer

A) explanation 
B) evocation 
C) provocation 
D) recovery

Question 8

Which statistical and methodological technique is used for conducting quantitative literature reviews?

Accepted Answer

A) meta-analysis 
B) deduction 
C) experience sampling methodology (ESM) 
D) correlation coefficient

Question 9

The goal of science that involves learning about how and why a phenomenon exists is known as:

Accepted Answer

A) control. 
B) explanation. 
C) description. 
D) proving.

Question 10

Dr. Xiong conducts a study examining whether people feel more motivated when music is playing versus when there is silence. At first, his findings appear to indicate that those in the "music condition" do better. However, he learns that his research assistant encouraged the participants in the music condition but did not encourage those in the silent condition. Now, Dr. Xiong doesn't know whether the better performance was due to the music or the encouragement. Dr. Xiong's study has poor:

Accepted Answer

A) external validity. 
B) extraneous validity. 
C) content validity. 
D) internal validity.

Question 11

What is the cyclical inductive-deductive model of research?

Accepted Answer

A) It is the idea that inductive processes are superior to deductive processes. 
B) It is the idea that deductive processes are superior to inductive processes. 
C) It is the idea that testing theories is a continuous process that uses both induction and deduction. 
D) It is the fact that the more inductive studies we do on a topic, the less appropriate deductive methods become.

Question 12

Identify and describe the steps involved in the research process. Be sure to explain what happens at each step in the process.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify and describe the steps involved in...

Question 13

Amy, using an archival data set for her research, notices that the data were collected on March 1, 1999, from a group of army leaders. This data set is:

Accepted Answer

A) longitudinal. 
B) cross-sectional. 
C) normally distributed. 
D) unobtrusive.

Question 14

The textbook notes that there is a trade-off between internal and external validity. Explain what this means, and provide an illustration of how a researcher might increase internal validity at the expense of external validity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The textbook notes that there is a...

Question 15

Which of these is a criterion of a good theory?

Accepted Answer

A) usefulness 
B) empiricism 
C) entropy 
D) pseudoscience

Question 16

Which research design is the ONLY design in which we can assert that one variable is causing another variable?

Accepted Answer

A) survey research 
B) case study research 
C) experimental research 
D) archival research

Question 17

_____ is the degree to which a test or predictor covers a representative sample of the quality being assessed.

Accepted Answer

A) Criterion-related validity 
B) Parallel-forms reliability 
C) Content validity 
D) Internal consistency

Question 18

The extent to which items on a test are interrelated and hang together is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A) parallel forms reliability. 
B) content validity. 
C) divergent validity. 
D) internal consistency.

Question 19

Briefly explain what internal validity is and what external validity is. What can be done in research to improve internal validity and external validity?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly explain what internal validity is and...

Question 20

Jill develops the theory that students learn better from lectures than from reading. Sam believes that this theory is not very good because it is unclear what Jill means by "better." In other words, Jill's theory lacks:

Accepted Answer

A) precision. 
B) discoverability. 
C) parsimony. 
D) generativity.

Exam 2: Research Methods in Io Psychology