Question 1

Increased generation of oxygen free radicals from parenchymal and endothelial cells and from infiltrating leukocytes would cause damage in which of the following cell injury mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ischemic 
B)  Hypoxic 
C)  Ischemic reperfusion 
D)  Chemical induced

Question 2

Which of the following would NOT cause mitochondrial damage?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase in cytosolic Ca++ 
B)  Oxidative stress 
C)  Retention of cytochrome c 
D)  Breakdown of phospholipids through the phospholipase A2 and sphingomyelin pathways 
E)  Lipid breakdown products (e.g. free fatty acids and ceramide)

Question 3

Some energy producing processes produce reactive oxygen species (free radicals) that can cause damage to cells. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of free
Radical generation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Absorption of radiant energy 
B)  Enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals or drugs 
C)  During creation of ATP via glycolysis 
D)  Free electron donation from transition metals (e.g. copper, iron) 
E)  Reduction-oxidation reactions during normal metabolic processes

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT involved in free radical neutralization?

Accepted Answer

A)  Superoxide dismutase (SO
D)  
B)  Nitric oxide (NO) 
C)  Vitamins A, C, and E 
D)  Glutathione peroxidase and reductase 
E)  Fenton (ferritin)

Question 5

Which of the following describes hyperplasia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase in the number of cells (mitosis) in an organ or tissue 
B)  Decrease in the number of cells (mitosis) in an organ or tissue 
C)  Increase in individual cell size in an organ or tissue 
D)  Decrease in individual cell size in an organ or tissue 
E)  Reversible change in which one adult cell is replaced by another adult cell type

Question 6

Cytokine activation of endothelium (with neutrophils) involves which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  IL-1 and IL-2 
B)  IL-3 
C)  IL-4 and IL-5 
D)  TH-1 cells and TH-2 cells 
E)  IL-1 and TNF

Question 7

Acute and Chronic Inflammation
-Acute inflammation may be triggered by infections, trauma, physical or chemical agents, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, and immune reactions. Which of the following is NOT seen in acute inﬂammation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alterations in vascular caliber 
B)  Decrease in blood ﬂow 
C)  Structural changes in the microvasculature (edema) 
D)  Plasma proteins and leukocytes leaving the circulation 
E)  Leukocyte focusing to eliminate the oﬀending agent

Question 8

Which of the following is associated with cachexia, seen in patients with chronic
Inﬂammatory diseases and cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased workload 
B)  Loss of innervation 
C)  Diminished blood supply 
D)  Inadequate nutrition (protein-calorie) 
E)  Loss of endrocrine stimulation
F) Aging (senile atrophy)
G) Pressure

Question 9

Match the endothelial molecule (leukocyte adhesion molecule) with its major role:
-Rolling (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)

Accepted Answer

A)  ICAM-1 
B)  P-selectin 
C)  E-selectin 
D)  VCAM-1 
E)  GlyCam-1
F) CD31 (PECAM)

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which free radicals cause cell injury?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lipid peroxidation of membranes 
B)  Oxidative modiﬁcation of proteins 
C)  Lesions in DNA 
D)  Reactions with!-carotene 
E)  Reactions with thymine

Question 11

Match the abnormality which results in intracellular accumulations in nonneoplatics
cells with the resultant disease:
-Deﬁciencies in critical enzymes

Accepted Answer

A)  Lysosomal storage diseases 
B)  Hemosiderosis 
C)  Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency 
D)  Fatty change in liver

Question 12

Match the cellular response normally seen in cells with the stimuli (description):
-Reduced oxygen supply, chemical injury, infection

Accepted Answer

A)  Hyperplasia/Hypertrophy 
B)  Atrophy 
C)  Metaplasia 
D)  Injury/Necrosis/Apoptosis 
E)  Calcifications/Intracellular accumulations

Question 13

CCl4 is converted by P-450 to which highly reactive toxic free radical?

Accepted Answer

A)  CCl2 
B)  CCl3 
C)  CCl5 
D)  CCl6 
E)  Cl+

Question 14

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other
-Leukocytes, mast cells + +, broncoconstrict, leukocyte prime

Accepted Answer

A)  Histamine, serotonin 
B)  Leukotrienes C4, D4, E12 
C)  Nitric oxide 
D)  Chemokines 
E)  IL-1, TNF
F) Bradykinin
G) PAF
H) C3a
I) C5a
J) Leukotriene B4
K) O2 metabolites
L) Prostaglandins

Question 15

Depletion of ATP to <5% to 10% of normal levels has widespread effects on many critical cellular systems. Which of the following is NOT a condition which may lead to
Depletion of ATP?

Accepted Answer

A)  Activity of the plasma membrane energy-dependent sodium pump is reduced 
B)  Failure of the Ca++ pump 
C)  Cellular energy metabolism is altered 
D)  Increase in protein synthesis followed by necrosis 
E)  Unfolding or misfolding of existing proteins

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a principle relevant to most forms of cell injury?

Accepted Answer

A)  The cellular response to injurious stimuli depends on the type of injury, its duration, and its severity 
B)  The result of cell injury involves an increase in ATP production and decrease in intracellular Ca++ 
C)  Cell injury results from functional and biochemical abnormalities in one or more of several essential cellular components 
D)  The consequences of cell injury depend on the type, state, and adaptability of the injured cell

Question 17

When blood flow is restored to cells that have been previously made ischemic but have not died, injury is often exacerbated and proceeds at an accelerated pace.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other
-Macrophages, other -+ , acute-phase reactions

Accepted Answer

A)  Histamine, serotonin 
B)  Leukotrienes C4, D4, E13 
C)  Nitric oxide 
D)  Chemokines 
E)  IL-1, TNF
F) Bradykinin
G) PAF
H) C3a
I) C5a
J) Leukotriene B4
K) O2 metabolites
L) Prostaglandins

Question 19

Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from what amino acid by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alanine 
B)  Arginine 
C)  Asparagine 
D)  Lysine 
E)  Tryptophan

Question 20

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other
-Leukocytes +-, endothelial damage, tissue damage

Accepted Answer

A)  Histamine, serotonin 
B)  Leukotrienes C4, D4, E11 
C)  Nitric oxide 
D)  Chemokines 
E)  IL-1, TNF
F) Bradykinin
G) PAF
H) C3a
I) C5a
J) Leukotriene B4
K) O2 metabolites
L) Prostaglandins

Exam 1: Pathology

Increased generation of oxygen free radicals from parenchymal and endothelial cells and from infiltrating leukocytes would cause damage in which of the following cell injury mechanisms?

Which of the following would NOT cause mitochondrial damage?

Some energy producing processes produce reactive oxygen species (free radicals) that can cause damage to cells. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of free Radical generation?

Which of the following is NOT involved in free radical neutralization?

Which of the following describes hyperplasia?

Cytokine activation of endothelium (with neutrophils) involves which of the following?

Acute and Chronic Inflammation -Acute inflammation may be triggered by infections, trauma, physical or chemical agents, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, and immune reactions. Which of the following is NOT seen in acute inﬂammation?

Which of the following is associated with cachexia, seen in patients with chronic Inﬂammatory diseases and cancer?

Match the endothelial molecule (leukocyte adhesion molecule) with its major role: -Rolling (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which free radicals cause cell injury?

Match the abnormality which results in intracellular accumulations in nonneoplatics cells with the resultant disease: -Deﬁciencies in critical enzymes

Match the cellular response normally seen in cells with the stimuli (description) : -Reduced oxygen supply, chemical injury, infection

CCl4 is converted by P-450 to which highly reactive toxic free radical?

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other -Leukocytes, mast cells + +, broncoconstrict, leukocyte prime

Depletion of ATP to <5% to 10% of normal levels has widespread effects on many critical cellular systems. Which of the following is NOT a condition which may lead to Depletion of ATP?

Which of the following is NOT a principle relevant to most forms of cell injury?

When blood flow is restored to cells that have been previously made ischemic but have not died, injury is often exacerbated and proceeds at an accelerated pace.

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other -Macrophages, other -+ , acute-phase reactions

Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from what amino acid by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) ?

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other -Leukocytes +-, endothelial damage, tissue damage