Question 1

Which of the following statements best captures an aspect of the role of hormones in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)   Some chemical substances can function as hormones or be integrated with the central and peripheral nervous systems.
B)   Hormones directly initiate many of the processes that contribute to homeostasis.
C)   Control of body processes is ensured by the fact that a single hormone can only exert one effect on one specific system or tissue.
D)   Each hormone that exists in the body is produced by only one specific endocrine gland. A

Question 2

A 51-year-old woman has been experiencing signs and symptoms of perimenopause and has sought help from her family physician. A deficiency in estrogen levels has been determined to be a contributing factor. Which of the following phenomena could potentially underlie the woman's health problem?

Accepted Answer

A)   Sufficient synthesis of estrogen but inadequate vesicle-mediated release
B)   Inadequate synthesis in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of her ovarian cells
C)   Insufficient estrogen production within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the relevant cells
D)   A lack of prohormone precursors needed for estrogen synthesis and release C

Question 3

A patient exhibiting problems with his or her thyroid has been scheduled for a radioactive scan. From the following list of patients, what would the nurse question as to whether this would be a safe procedure for this patient?

Accepted Answer

A)   An adult patient having an episode of wheezing from allergies
B)   A young female patient who has been trying to get pregnant
C)   A middle-aged male patient with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus
D)   An elderly patient who has a history of aortic stenosis B

Question 4

Neurotransmitters like catecholamines (e.g., dopamine and epinephrine) have a reaction time of

Accepted Answer

A)   milliseconds.
B)   less than 10 minutes.
C)   24 to 36 hours.
D)   4 to 7 days.

Question 5

Which of the following statements best captures the essence of a second messenger in the mechanisms of the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

A)   Second messengers act as the intracellular signal that responds to the presence of a hormone.
B)   Endocrine-producing cells must release both a hormone and a second messenger in order to exert a distant effect.
C)   Second messengers act to supplement hormone effects on cell receptors when the desired hormonal effect must be either increased.
D)   Second messengers provide an alternative pathway for endocrine effects on a cell that bypass the normal receptor pathways.

Question 6

A client with a history of an endocrine disorder exhibits signs and symptoms of hormone deficiency. Which of the following processes would the client's care team most likely rule out first as a contributing factor?

Accepted Answer

A)   The client's target cells lack sufficient receptors for the hormone in question.
B)   Hormone production is sufficient, but affinity on the part of the target cells is lacking.
C)   The process of down-regulation has resulted in decreased hormone sensitivity.
D)   Up-regulation has increased the sensitivity of the body to particular hormone levels.

Question 7

Since steroid hormones are bound to protein carriers for transport, this means

Accepted Answer

A)   they are water soluble and circulate freely in the blood.
B)   they are degraded by enzymes in the blood.
C)   they are inactive in the bound state.
D)   they will be converted into a useable form by enzymes in the blood.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the half-life of a highly protein-bound drug such as thyroxine (99% protein bound)? The half-life would be

Accepted Answer

A)   much longer to reduce the concentration of the hormone by one half.
B)   shorter because only a little of the hormone has to be used up to reduce the concentration.
C)   dependent on which drugs were in the blood system holding on to the hormone.
D)   dependent on the liver to carry the hormone to its designated target organ.

Question 9

A client with a new diagnosis of an endocrine disorder is unclear how the body can control the levels of different hormones over time. Which of the following statements most accurately underlies the dominant regulation process of hormone levels in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)   A positive feedback cycle ensures that stable levels of hormones exist in the body over time.
B)   With input from various sensors, hormone production and release are adjusted based on existing hormone levels.
C)   The hypothalamus ensures that hormone levels correspond accurately to the diurnal cycle.
D)   The pituitary gland is genetically programmed to stimulate and inhibit hormone production and/or release based on the needs at different points in the life cycle.

Question 10

A 48-year-old woman has been found to have nodules on her thyroid that must be biopsied to determine whether or not they are malignant. Which of the following imaging techniques will be most helpful to the surgeon in visualization of the nodes for fine needle aspiration?

Accepted Answer

A)   Ultrasound
B)   Magnetic resonance imaging
C)   Radioactive scanning using radioiodine
D)   Radioactive scanning using sestamibi

Question 11

Following a meal, a woman's blood glucose level has increased. In addition, her pancreas has increased the amount of insulin produced and released. Which of the following phenomena has occurred?

Accepted Answer

A)   Increased hormone level according to a negative feedback mechanism
B)   Adjustment according to the level of the substance a hormone regulates
C)   Hormone production and release via the positive feedback cycle
D)   Hypothalamic-pituitary control of hormone levels

Question 12

When explaining about structural classifications to a group of students, the instructor discusses the peptides and proteins. They talk about small hormones and hormones as large and complex as growth hormone (GH), which has approximately how many amino acids involved?

Accepted Answer

A)   50 amino acids
B)   100 amino acids
C)   150 amino acids
D)   200 amino acids

Question 13

A 21-year-old female is suspected of having inadequate function of her hypothalamic- pituitary-thyroid system. Her care provider is planning to inject thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and then measure her levels of TSH. Which of thefollowing diagnostic tests is being performed?

Accepted Answer

A)   Suppression test
B)   Radioimmunoassay (RI
A)   test
C)   Stimulation test
D)   Metabolite excretion test

Question 14

During the follicular stage of menstruation, increased estradiol production causes an increase in FSH production. This increase in FSH production by the anterior pituitary gland will have what effect on the follicle?

Accepted Answer

A)   The follicle will continue to grow until it can no longer stay in its membrane.
B)   The follicle will die, which results in a fall of FSH.
C)   The follicle will continue to grow and produce estradiol.
D)   The follicle will secrete additional hormones to attract swimming sperm.

Question 15

An example of a single hormone that can exert effects in different tissues, erythropoietin, made in the kidney stimulates the bone marrow to produce

Accepted Answer

A)   platelets.
B)   natural killer cells.
C)   red blood cells.
D)   mast cells.

Question 16

A middle-aged woman has acromegaly as a result of a pituitary adenoma that was found and removed when she was a teenager. The physician is suspecting that the tumor has returned and has ordered a diagnostic work-up. A glucose load is ordered. If the tumor has returned, the nurse would expect which of the following results?

Accepted Answer

A)   The glucoses load will suppress GH level.
B)   The growth hormone level will not be suppressed following glucose load.
C)   The glucose load will raise her serum glucose level to the point of requiring insulin.
D)   There will be no change in the serum growth hormone level following the glucose load.

Question 17

A 38-year-old woman takes clomiphene, an infertility drug that works by competing with, and thereby blocking, cellular receptors for estrogen. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true of this client?

Accepted Answer

A)   Receptors for all other steroid hormones will also be blocked.
B)   Up-regulation will increase the number of estrogen receptors on each target cell.
C)   Estrogen will continue to pass freely through the cellular membranes.
D)   Laboratory tests will reveal an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)  levels.

Question 18

Which of the following hormones are derivatives of cholesterol?

Accepted Answer

A)   Epinephrine and norepinephrine
B)   Insulin and glucagon
C)   Aldosterone and testosterone
D)   Eicosanoids and retinoids

Question 19

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland as it relates to endocrine function?

Accepted Answer

A)   The hypothalamus directly measures the levels of most hormones throughout the body and inhibits or stimulates the pituitary accordingly.
B)   The pituitary gland coordinates and dictates the release of hormones from the hypothalamus that act on their intended target cells.
C)   The pituitary gland and hypothalamus have two-way communication that mediates the signals from neuronal inputs.
D)   The hypothalamus receives input from numerous sources throughout the body and directs the pituitary to then control many target glands and cells.

Question 20

A nurse who works in the office of an endocrinologist is orienting a new staff member. Which of the following teaching points is the nurse justified in including in the orientation? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   "A bodily process can be the result of the combined effect of several different hormones from different sources."
B)   "A single hormone can act not only on one process or organ but often on several different locations or processes."
C)   "It's common for production of hormones to be far removed from the tissue where they ultimately exert their effect."
D)   "Sometimes hormones act locally on the area where they were produced, like in the case of paracrine and autocrine actions."
E)   "The regulation in homeostasis requires that hormones be absent from the body when their effect is not needed."

Exam 46: Sexually Transmitted Infections