Question 1

A caregiver is working with a client who is having poorly controlled pain due to shingles. The associate pain travels to the client's nervous system via

Accepted Answer

A)   synapses.
B)   axons.
C)   afferent neurons.
D)   efferent neurons. C

Question 2

A professor is teaching a group of students about the role of mitochondria within the cell. Which of the following statements is true of mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

A)   They are the site of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  production.
B)   The number of mitochondria in a cell is equal to the number of nuclei.
C)   They are replicated within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) .
D)   Mitochondrial DNA is inherited patrilineally. A

Question 3

The nurse is explaining the workings of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to a client with a diagnosis of depression. Within the teaching, the nurse mentions that in the nervous system, the transmission of information by neurotransmitters is

Accepted Answer

A)   synaptic signaling.
B)   endocrine signaling.
C)   autocrine signaling.
D)   paracrine signaling. A

Question 4

A nurse is teaching a client with a recent diagnosis of diabetes about the roles that glucose and insulin play in the disease pathology and the fact that glucose must enter the body cell in order to provide energy for the client. The nurse knows that which of the following processes allows glucose to enter body cells?

Accepted Answer

A)   Osmosis
B)   Facilitated diffusion
C)   Active transport
D)   Diffusion

Question 5

A 14-year-old female has been experiencing severe internal cramps in the region of the pelvis and weight loss.She has been admitted with rectal bleeding.The physician has diagnosed her with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). She asks the nurse what causes this disease. The nurse will base her response knowing that IBD has been linked to

Accepted Answer

A)   liver involvement in faulty glycogen stores.
B)   endoplasmic reticulum stress in the gastrointestinal system.
C)   oversecretion of insulin from the beta cells in the pancreas.
D)   infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract by bacterial toxins.

Question 6

The nurse is providing care for a client with a diagnosis of cirrhosis, and she notes that the client's sclerae are jaundiced. The nurse recalls that jaundice is a pigment that can accumulate in which part of the cell?

Accepted Answer

A)   Nucleus
B)   Cytoplasm
C)   Golgi apparatus
D)   Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 7

During a crime scene investigation, the coroner confirms that rigor mortis has set in. This helps to confirm an approximate time of death. The forensic nurse can explain this process (rigor mortis) to a group of students based on the fact that

Accepted Answer

A)   troponin is being prevented from forming a cross-bridge between the actin and myosin.
B)   activated by ATP, cross-bridges become attached to the actin filament.
C)   the myosin head catalyzes the breakdown of ATP to provide the energy need so that a cross-bridge can be formed.
D)   at death, the body is unable to complete the actin/myosin cycle and release the coupling between the myosin and actin, creating a state of muscular contration.

Question 8

During a discussion on cellular components and their function, a student asked the instructor the purpose of messenger RNA (mRNA). Of the following, which is the most accurate answer?

Accepted Answer

A)   Transports amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
B)   Acts as an inner nuclear support membrane for a rigid network of protein filaments that bind DNA to the nucleus
C)   Performs an active role of protein synthesis, where mRNA molecules direct the assembly of proteins on ribosomes to the cytoplasm
D)   Assists cells in forming neoplastic progression by altering the response of chromatin in the nuclear matrix

Question 9

A nurse is providing care for a client with a diagnosis of Crohn disease. The nurse recognizes the fact that the disease involves the inflammation and irritation of the intestinal lining. Which of the following types of tissue is most likely involved in the client's pathology?

Accepted Answer

A)   Simple columnar epithelium
B)   Glandular epithelium
C)   Simple cuboidal epithelium
D)   Stratified epithelium

Question 10

The nurse is teaching a group of colleagues about the cell division cycle as background to oncology nursing. Which of the following statements is true of the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

A)   Some cells lack a G0 phase.
B)   Mitosis is a process that occurs in steps over 1 to 2 days.
C)   The two broad phases of the cell cycle are mitosis and synthesis.
D)   Nondividing cells such as nerve cells are said to be in the S0 phase.

Question 11

A patient experiencing immotile cilia syndrome should be frequently assessed by the nurse for which priority complication?

Accepted Answer

A)   Epistaxis resulting from loss of cilia in the nasal passageway
B)   Bronchiectasis due to interferences with clearance of inhaled bacteria along the respiratory tract
C)   Sterility caused by inability of the sperm to swim downstream
D)   Inability to hear soft sounds related to kinocilium on the hair cells in the inner ear

Question 12

A 62-year-old male collapsed while unloading a truck of heavy sacks of feed for his cattle. When he arrived in the emergency department, blood gases reveal a slightly acidic blood sample. The nurse caring for this patient is not surprise with this result based on which of the following pathophysiological rationales?

Accepted Answer

A)   The skeletal muscles are producing large amounts of lactic acid and release it into the bloodstream during heavy work/exercise.
B)   During exercise, catabolism will break down stored nutrients and body tissues to produce energy.
C)   Large amounts of free energy are released when ATP is hydrolyzed and then converted into adenosine diphosphate.
D)   Within the mitochondria, energy from reduction of oxygen is used for phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.

Question 13

The homecare nurse is making a home visit to a 51-year-old female client with long-standing diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The nurse knows that the muscle wasting and weakness associated with the disease process are ultimately manifested as a failure of what normal process in muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

A)   The contraction of the epimysium
B)   The surrounding of fascicles by perimysium
C)   Thick myosin and thin actin filaments sliding over each other
D)   The contraction of fascicles within myofibrils

Question 14

A 6-year-old child cuts his leg while playing outside. An inflammatory process begins the healing process by moving leukocytes and platelets through the endothelial lining of blood vessels. This process occurs because of which extracellular tissue component?

Accepted Answer

A)   Extracellular matrix
B)   Glycosaminoglycans
C)   Selectins
D)   Cadherins

Question 15

A patient has been diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease called multiple sclerosis (MS). The physician explains to the patient that this disease may be caused by dysregulated apoptosis. Later that day, the patient asks the nurse what this means. The nurse should reply,

Accepted Answer

A)   "The cells around your nerves don't know how to die correctly."
B)   "The cytoplasm should neutralize the various apoptotic inhibitors but isn't working correctly."
C)   "Dysregulated apoptosis has caused an excessive rate of programmed cell death along the neuropathways."
D)   "There is an inappropriately low rate of apoptosis occurring within the cells."

Question 16

The health caregiver is explaining the rationale for administering a hypotonic intravenous solution (lower concentration of solutes in its surroundings) to a client. Which of the following mechanisms of membrane transport most likely underlies this action?

Accepted Answer

A)   Facilitated diffusion
B)   Active transport
C)   Diffusion
D)   Osmosis

Question 17

A community health care worker is explaining to a group of factory workers the importance of wearing gloves when working with strong chemicals such as turpentine and paint thinner. Which of the following characteristics of cell membranes underlies the nurse's teaching?

Accepted Answer

A)   Cell membranes are impermeable to all but lipid-soluble substances.
B)   Cell membranes have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
C)   Cell membranes contain receptors for hormones and biologically active substances.
D)   Transmembrane proteins can pass through the cell membrane into the intracellular environment.

Question 18

An instructor is explaining to a group of students the way in which muscles and their associated tendons can be so strongly attached. The instructor makes references to the role of the basal lamina. Which of the following statements most accurately captures an aspect of the basal lamina?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is produced by the connective tissue adjacent to it.
B)   It is present where connective tissue contacts the tissue it supports.
C)   It is found solely between connective tissue and muscle fibers.
D)   It is also known as the basement membrane.

Question 19

A student asks the instructor about the origins of different tissues and their cellular origins during the process of development. Which of the instructor's following statements best describes the process of cell differentiation?

Accepted Answer

A)   "Cells of the hematopoietic system produce the appropriate body cells that are required at each stage of development."
B)   "A single stem cell differentiates into approximately 200 different types of cells."
C)   "A fertilized ovum undergoes a series of divisions, yielding many different cell types."
D)   "Cells differentiate into necessary body cells peaking after conception and ceasing near the time of birth."

Question 20

An end-stage renal disease patient has been on peritoneal dialysis at home. Based on his lab work, he regulates the type of solution to infuse into his abdomen. When there is a high concentration of potassium inside the cell (hyperkalemia), the solution infused has a lower concentration so that the potassium ions will diffuse outward. At this point, the cellular membrane is said to be

Accepted Answer

A)   at equilibrium potential in which no net movement of ions occurs.
B)   charged with high voltage.
C)   filled with positive current.
D)   polarized because of the presence of a negative membrane potential.

Exam 2: Cell and Tissue Characteristics