Question 1

Name Five types of structural bias

Accepted Answer

Structural bias refers to systematic issues within an organization, institution, or system that create and perpetuate unequal treatment or outcomes for certain groups of people. Here are five types of structural bias:

1. **Institutional Bias**: This type of bias is embedded within the policies, procedures, or practices of an organization or institution. It can lead to discriminatory outcomes for individuals based on their race, gender, age, or other characteristics. For example, a company might have hiring practices that inadvertently favor candidates from a particular demographic group.

2. **Cultural Bias**: Cultural bias occurs when the norms, values, and expectations of a dominant culture are considered the standard, to the detriment of other cultures. This can result in the marginalization of individuals from minority cultures and can affect various aspects of life, including education, media representation, and workplace norms.

3. **Systemic Bias**: Systemic bias is present throughout an entire system, such as the criminal justice system or the healthcare system, and can lead to widespread disparities in outcomes. For instance, systemic racism can result in people of color receiving harsher sentences for similar crimes compared to their white counterparts or facing barriers to accessing quality healthcare.

4. **Algorithmic Bias**: With the increasing use of algorithms and artificial intelligence in decision-making processes, algorithmic bias has become a significant concern. This occurs when the data used to train algorithms reflects historical biases, leading to discriminatory outcomes. For example, a job application screening tool might be less likely to recommend candidates with names that sound African American or Hispanic.

5. **Intersectional Bias**: Intersectional bias acknowledges that individuals can experience multiple, overlapping forms of bias simultaneously. For example, a black woman might face discrimination that is not just about race or gender alone but the intersection of both. This type of bias recognizes that the impact of structural bias is not uniform and can be compounded for individuals who belong to multiple marginalized groups.

Addressing these types of structural bias requires a concerted effort to recognize and dismantle the underlying factors that contribute to unequal treatment and opportunities. This can involve policy changes, education, and a commitment to diversity and inclusion at all levels of society.

Question 2

The push for profits can push journalists to do fewer tough and expensive stories in favor of more easy and cheap ones.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Structural biases in reporting the news include…

Accepted Answer

A)   independence
B)   temporal
C)   objectivity
D)   all of the above
E)   A and B only B

Question 4

Objectivity is something that can guide journalists as individuals but not the methods journalists employ in their work.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

What is the defination of fairness bias?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the defination of fairness bias?...

Question 6

Reporting facts objectively equals "truth."

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

The editor who questioned whether journalists should challenge false statements made by lawmakers worked for…

Accepted Answer

A)   The New York Times
B)   Newsweek
C)   Rolling Stone
D)   The Atlantic
E)   Salon

Question 8

An approach that favors certain kinds of news topics and presentations over others is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   Structural bias.
B)   Libel.
C)   Favoritism.
D)   Politics.

Question 9

An essential component of journalism practice in which journalists are free to pursue truth with loyalty only to citizens and not to particular interests, causes or other pressures is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   The First Amendment
B)   Independence.
C)   Plagiarism.
D)   Transparency.

Question 10

What type of bias is driven on a deadline?

Accepted Answer

A)   Temporal
B)   Narrative
C)   Expediency
D)   Glory
E)   Bad news

Question 11

Journalists at Voice of America's worries about their independence turned out to be unfounded. True or

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

What should journalists put first?

Accepted Answer

A)   Government wishes
B)   Ownerships' interests
C)   The public.
D)   Objectivity.

Question 13

In Status Quo bias the news media believes the system works?

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

What is the definition of Visual Bias?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the definition of Visual Bias?...

Question 15

What Network News Channel says their coverage is "Fair and Balance"?

Accepted Answer

A)   MSNBC
B)   CNN
C)   Fox News Channel
D)   CBS

Question 16

Independence, verification and transparency are vital to journalism. Why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Independence, verification and transparency are vital to...

Question 17

How might independence work in the practices of journalism?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How might independence work in the practices...

Question 18

What bias is one where the Journalists assert themselves into the stories?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What bias is one where the Journalists...

Question 19

___________ means that news organizations favor certain kinds of news topics and presentations over others.

Accepted Answer

A)   Independence
B)   Objectivity
C)   Structural bias
D)   Ethics
E)   Advocacy

Question 20

Anderson Cooper was criticized for saying that the Egyptian government was lying.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 8: Conclusion

Name Five types of structural bias

The push for profits can push journalists to do fewer tough and expensive stories in favor of more easy and cheap ones.

Structural biases in reporting the news include…

Objectivity is something that can guide journalists as individuals but not the methods journalists employ in their work.

What is the defination of fairness bias?

Reporting facts objectively equals "truth."

The editor who questioned whether journalists should challenge false statements made by lawmakers worked for…

An approach that favors certain kinds of news topics and presentations over others is called:

An essential component of journalism practice in which journalists are free to pursue truth with loyalty only to citizens and not to particular interests, causes or other pressures is called:

What type of bias is driven on a deadline?

Journalists at Voice of America's worries about their independence turned out to be unfounded. True or

What should journalists put first?

In Status Quo bias the news media believes the system works?

What is the definition of Visual Bias?

What Network News Channel says their coverage is "Fair and Balance"?

Independence, verification and transparency are vital to journalism. Why?

How might independence work in the practices of journalism?

What bias is one where the Journalists assert themselves into the stories?

___________ means that news organizations favor certain kinds of news topics and presentations over others.

Anderson Cooper was criticized for saying that the Egyptian government was lying.