In the 18th and 19th Centuries, Phrenologists Claimed That Cognitive

In the 18th and 19th centuries, phrenologists claimed that cognitive and emotional attributes were reflected in the shape of the skull (which is nonsense, as brain shape is unrelated to skull shape, and in any case brain size bears no relationship to ability) . Measurements of skull shape within an individual are very consistent over time. This is an example of data that show:

A) reliability without validity.
B) validity without reliability.
C) poor reliability and validity.
D) low validity and poor generalisability.

Correct Answer:

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