A Reflexochirosteopathic Clinic Performs a Study to Demonstrate the Effectiveness

A reflexochirosteopathic clinic performs a study to demonstrate the effectiveness of their treatment for back pain. They recruit 50 patients. After a month, ten remain. All ten report some improvement in their condition, which is hailed by the clinic as validating the efficacy of their treatment. Which of the following factors might be influencing these results?

A) Placebo effect (remaining participants' belief that the treatment has worked has affected their ratings of its effectiveness)
B) Differential mortality (participants for whom the treatment didn't work dropped out of the study)
C) Regression to the mean (participants joined the study when their pain was at its worst, and so it is likely to have decreased anyway)
D) All of these

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