Question 1

MacDonald says that if you are asked the question, "Where did you meet Bernard Shaw?" and you answer, "In a dream," then your answer would be silly because you never actually met him in real-life.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

MacDonald says that "Descartes' proof that the state of waking cannot be distinguished from sleep depends upon these facts: (a) that dreams are remembered, and (b) that what is so remembered resembles an object or combination of objects perceived when awake." But MacDonald argues that the criteria of "real" and "illusory" physical objects which apply to the perceptions of waking life cannot be applied to illusions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

According to Peirce, "the sole object of inquiry is the settlement of ..."

Accepted Answer

A)  arguments. 
B)  proof. 
C)  abstraction. 
D)  opinion.

Question 4

Kant argues that pure mathematics consists of synthetic a posteriori judgments.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

For Hume, "all the materials of thinking are derived either from our outward or inward sentiment. Or, to express myself in philosophical language, all our statements are subject to verification."

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Socrates asks, "If we have made him [the boy] doubt, then have we done him any harm?" Socrates then answers this question by saying that "we have certainly assisted him in some degree to the discovery of the truth."

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

On the question of whether the soul contains innate principles or ideas, Leibniz agrees with ...

Accepted Answer

A)  Plato. 
B)  Aristotle. 
C)  Descartes. 
D)  Locke.

Question 8

Gettier analyzes various attempts that have been made in recent years to state the analytic and synthetic conditions for someone knowing a given proposition.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The Epistemologist says, "While other epistemologists have been solemnly arguing such questions as whether a man can be wrong when he asserts that he believes such and such, I have discovered how to settle such questions experimentally." The Epistemologist claims that he does this by ...

Accepted Answer

A)  constructing a flow chart of the person's ideas. 
B)  reading a person's thoughts directly. 
C)  checking the person's eye movements. 
D)  measuring the person's blood pressure.

Question 10

The Epistemologist tells Frank, "You kept saying it seems red to you, it seems like it seems red to you, you believe it is red, you believe that you believe it is red, and so forth." He then adds, "When I originally asked you What color is the book? if you had simply answered _______, this whole painful discussion would have been avoided."

Accepted Answer

A)  red 
B)  blue 
C)  I don't know 
D)  I need glasses

Question 11

Why is Augustine convinced that "without any delusive representation of images or phantasms, I am most certain that I am, and that I know and delight in this"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is Augustine convinced that "without any...

Question 12

MacDonald considers the question, "But may not the colors of all objects be distorted by wearing, e.g., brown spectacles?" MacDonald's response is that although it is true, nevertheless, …

Accepted Answer

A)  their shapes, tactual and other qualities are unaffected. 
B)  colors are secondary qualities anyway. 
C)  spectacles cannot work in dreams. 
D)  vision is entirely different from the other four senses.

Question 13

According to Pollock, "Historically, philosophers have often motivated the study of simple epistemic tasks with the help of _______________. These are initially compelling arguments that seem to show that even simple epistemic tasks are impossible."

Accepted Answer

A)  valid arguments 
B)  invalid arguments 
C)  fallacious 
D)  skeptical arguments

Question 14

Leibniz says, "It is true that even reason counsels us to expect ordinarily to see that happen in the future which is conformed to a long past experience, but this is not for this reason a necessary and infallible truth."

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

According to Astell, "Knowledge in a proper and restricted sense, and as appropriated to science, signifies that clear perception which is followed by a firm assent to conclusions rightly drawn from premises of which we have ..."

Accepted Answer

A)  authority and accuracy. 
B)  faith and trust. 
C)  assertions and deductions. 
D)  clear and distinct ideas.

Question 16

Gettier outlines the general form of the conditions for someone knowing a given proposition as the following: S knows that P, if and only if (1) P is true, (2) S believes that P, and (3) S is justified in believing that P.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

According to Longino, if someone interprets the question, Can There Be a Feminist Science? as being factual, one to be answered by pointing to what feminists in the sciences are doing and saying, Yes, and this is what it is, then such a response can be perceived as question-begging.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Descartes says, "So that it must be maintained, all things being maturely and carefully considered, that this proposition-I am, I exist-is necessarily true each time it is expressed by me, or conceived in my mind. This alone is inseparable from me. I am-I exist." Explain why Descartes holds this view.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Descartes says, "So that it must be...

Question 19

Koertge criticizes the idea of the social construction of dairy cows that claims that "certain breeds have undergone such an intense process of artificial selection, guided by the financial interests of dairy farmers, that they can now hardly survive without being hooked up to milking machines." In contrast, Koertge argues that in this case what social construction designates is really a process of genetic construction designed to serve social purposes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

According to Koertge, "The proponents of politically progressive science, however, would argue that science has always been impregnated with social values through and through. Their agenda is not to try to make science more value-neutral. Rather it is to inject the correct values at all stages."

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 2: Plato Knowledge Is Recollection

MacDonald says that if you are asked the question, "Where did you meet Bernard Shaw?" and you answer, "In a dream," then your answer would be silly because you never actually met him in real-life.

According to Peirce, "the sole object of inquiry is the settlement of ..."

Kant argues that pure mathematics consists of synthetic a posteriori judgments.

For Hume, "all the materials of thinking are derived either from our outward or inward sentiment. Or, to express myself in philosophical language, all our statements are subject to verification."

Socrates asks, "If we have made him [the boy] doubt, then have we done him any harm?" Socrates then answers this question by saying that "we have certainly assisted him in some degree to the discovery of the truth."

On the question of whether the soul contains innate principles or ideas, Leibniz agrees with ...

Gettier analyzes various attempts that have been made in recent years to state the analytic and synthetic conditions for someone knowing a given proposition.

The Epistemologist says, "While other epistemologists have been solemnly arguing such questions as whether a man can be wrong when he asserts that he believes such and such, I have discovered how to settle such questions experimentally." The Epistemologist claims that he does this by ...

Why is Augustine convinced that "without any delusive representation of images or phantasms, I am most certain that I am, and that I know and delight in this"?

MacDonald considers the question, "But may not the colors of all objects be distorted by wearing, e.g., brown spectacles?" MacDonald's response is that although it is true, nevertheless, …

According to Pollock, "Historically, philosophers have often motivated the study of simple epistemic tasks with the help of _______________. These are initially compelling arguments that seem to show that even simple epistemic tasks are impossible."

Leibniz says, "It is true that even reason counsels us to expect ordinarily to see that happen in the future which is conformed to a long past experience, but this is not for this reason a necessary and infallible truth."

According to Astell, "Knowledge in a proper and restricted sense, and as appropriated to science, signifies that clear perception which is followed by a firm assent to conclusions rightly drawn from premises of which we have ..."

Gettier outlines the general form of the conditions for someone knowing a given proposition as the following: S knows that P, if and only if (1) P is true, (2) S believes that P, and (3) S is justified in believing that P.

According to Longino, if someone interprets the question, Can There Be a Feminist Science? as being factual, one to be answered by pointing to what feminists in the sciences are doing and saying, Yes, and this is what it is, then such a response can be perceived as question-begging.

According to Koertge, "The proponents of politically progressive science, however, would argue that science has always been impregnated with social values through and through. Their agenda is not to try to make science more value-neutral. Rather it is to inject the correct values at all stages."