Question 1

__________ is generally regarded as the founder of the child-study movement.

Accepted Answer

A)  John Locke 
B)  Jean-Jacques Rousseau 
C)  Charles Darwin 
D)  G. Stanley Hall

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of applied behavior analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  letting children with burn injuries play a virtual reality game while nurses change their bandages 
B)  modeling quiet reading for children to teach them to sit quietly while they read 
C)  talking with children about fears in an attempt to uncover the underlying cause of thumb sucking 
D)  punishing a child by hitting him and then noticing that the child angrily hits a playmate in the same way

Question 3

In an effort to overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs, Dr. Francisco conducted several similar cross-sectional studies at varying times. Dr. Francisco used the __________ design.

Accepted Answer

A)  longitudinal 
B)  experimental 
C)  sequential 
D)  correlational

Question 4

One major limitation of correlational studies is that

Accepted Answer

A)  researchers alter the experiences of those studied. 
B)  researchers do not gather information about everyday life. 
C)  researchers cannot make inferences about cause and effect. 
D)  the results cannot be generalized to other people and settings.

Question 5

Dr. Faulkner believes that directly observable events-stimuli and responses-are the appropriate focus of the study of child development. Which of the following perspectives of child development does Dr. Faulkner probably follow?

Accepted Answer

A)  psychosexual theory 
B)  psychosocial theory 
C)  behaviorism 
D)  cognitive-developmental theory

Question 6

Dr. Stamina's longitudinal study on Native American personality styles was criticized because he failed to enlist participants who adequately represented the Native American population. This limitation is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  cohort effects. 
B)  selective attrition. 
C)  practice effects. 
D)  biased sampling.

Question 7

Jamar understands that a certain amount of liquid or clay remains the same even after its appearance changes and can organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. According to Piaget, Jamar is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

A)  sensorimotor 
B)  preoperational 
C)  concrete operational 
D)  sociocultural

Question 8

During the Reformation, the Puritans

Accepted Answer

A)  characterized children as innocent and close to angels. 
B)  regarded children as fully mature by the time they were 7 or 8 years old. 
C)  recommended permissive child-rearing practices. 
D)  believed that children were born evil and had to be civilized.

Question 9

Which of the following is a limitation of the ethnographic method?

Accepted Answer

A)  Research may not yield observations typical of participants' behavior in everyday life. 
B)  Research does not yield as much information as naturalistic observations or structured interviews. 
C)  Commonly used research techniques tend to ignore cultural and social influences that affect development. 
D)  The findings cannot be assumed to generalize beyond the people and settings in which the research was conducted.

Question 10

According to Piaget's theory, in the sensorimotor stage, children

Accepted Answer

A)  can think of all possible outcomes in a scientific problem. 
B)  organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. 
C)  "think" by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth. 
D)  can evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances.

Question 11

A disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that

Accepted Answer

A)  it is more inefficient and inconvenient than longitudinal research. 
B)  it does not provide evidence about change at the individual level. 
C)  it can be threatened by practice effects and participant dropout. 
D)  age-related changes cannot be examined.

Question 12

Dr. Kirk wants to study sibling relationships at differing ages. Dr. Kirk has children with one or more siblings in grades 3, 6, 9, and 12 complete his questionnaire. This is an example of a __________ study.

Accepted Answer

A)  cross-sectional 
B)  longitudinal 
C)  microgenetic 
D)  sequential

Question 13

Family chaos

Accepted Answer

A)  is limited to economically disadvantaged households. 
B)  does not occur when families engage in joint activities. 
C)  induces in children feelings of powerlessness. 
D)  is an unavoidable byproduct of today's busy world.

Question 14

In stage theories, development is

Accepted Answer

A)  a smooth, continuous process. 
B)  gradual and ongoing. 
C)  like climbing a staircase. 
D)  a gradual addition of the same types of skills.

Question 15

According to John Locke's view, children begin

Accepted Answer

A)  with a soul tainted by original sin. 
B)  as nothing at all. 
C)  as noble savages. 
D)  as evil and stubborn.

Question 16

In her research, Dr. Rosenblum explores why shy children develop differently from their outgoing agemates. Dr. Rosenblum most likely emphasizes __________ in her research.

Accepted Answer

A)  the role of distinct contexts 
B)  the nature-nurture controversy 
C)  the concept of stage 
D)  continuous development

Question 17

Both __________ and __________ stress changes in thinking.

Accepted Answer

A)  behaviorism; social learning theory 
B)  cognitive-developmental theory; information processing 
C)  ethology; the psychoanalytic perspective 
D)  the dynamic systems perspective; ecological systems theory

Question 18

Theories are vital tools because they

Accepted Answer

A)  provide organizing frameworks for our observations of children. 
B)  provide the ultimate truth about child development. 
C)  do not require scientific verification. 
D)  are resistant to the influence of cultural values and belief systems.

Question 19

John Locke opposed the use of

Accepted Answer

A)  praise as a reward. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  physical punishment. 
D)  any form of discipline.

Question 20

According to Piaget, __________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.

Accepted Answer

A)  imitation 
B)  adaptation 
C)  cognition 
D)  equilibrium

Exam 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies