Question 1

Effortful control

Accepted Answer

A)   requires adult instruction and modeling.
B)   is regarded as a major dimension of temperament.
C)   plays a limited role in mental and social development.
D)   is an ability that is present at birth. B

Question 2

Jazmin, age 18 months, cries and climbs on her mother when she attempts to leave Jazmin with a babysitter. Jazmin is displaying

Accepted Answer

A)   an internal working model.
B)   interactional synchrony
C)   social referencing.
D)   separation anxiety. D

Question 3

In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood is resolved favorably when parents

Accepted Answer

A)   provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices.
B)   use appropriate and warm toilet-training techniques.
C)   employ an authoritarian child-rearing style.
D)   employ a permissive child-rearing style. A

Question 4

Two-year-old Aisha tells her mom, "I good girl." This statement demonstrates that Aisha is beginning to develop

Accepted Answer

A)   a categorical self.
B)   empathy.
C)   self-conscious emotions.
D)   scale errors.

Question 5

Sheldon, age 1, will most likely display a __________ smile for a friendly stranger.

Accepted Answer

A)   sustained, wide
B)   broad, "cheek-raised"
C)   reserved, muted
D)   "mouth-open"

Question 6

The Attachment Q-Sort

Accepted Answer

A)   is not suitable for children between 1 and 5 years.
B)   is less time-consuming than the Strange Situation.
C)   does not differentiate between types of insecurity.
D)   taps fewer attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation.

Question 7

When an unfamiliar adult picks up Louisa, age 9 months, she begins to cry and struggles to get down. Louisa is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

A)   stranger anxiety.
B)   avoidant attachment.
C)   insecure attachment.
D)   separation anxiety.

Question 8

Emmett, age 4 months, looks and smiles more at video images of others than video images of himself. This discrimination reflects an

Accepted Answer

A)   explicit sense of self-world differentiation.
B)   internal working model.
C)   implicit sense of self-world differentiation.
D)   external working model.

Question 9

Results from the groundbreaking longitudinal study on temperament conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess showed that

Accepted Answer

A)   temperament can increase a child's chances of experiencing psychological problems.
B)   because temperament is innate, parenting practices cannot modify children's emotional styles.
C)   temperament cannot protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life.
D)   the psychological traits that make up temperament in childhood play a very small role in adult personality.

Question 10

Baby Emma is learning to stand. Each time she falls, she looks at her dad. When he looks concerned, Emma cries. When he smiles and says, "You did it!" she tries again. Emma is using

Accepted Answer

A)   a secure base.
B)   emotional self-regulation.
C)   social referencing.
D)   effortful control.

Question 11

Mounting evidence indicates that __________ determines whether attachment security is linked to later development.

Accepted Answer

A)   child temperament
B)   heredity
C)   continuity of caregiving
D)   family size

Question 12

When interacting with their babies, mothers devote more time to __________ and fathers devote more time to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   playful interaction; physical care
B)   feeding and diaper changes; expressing affection
C)   playful interaction; expressing affection
D)   physical care; playful interaction

Question 13

Newborn Uli displays a stronger rooting reflex in response to an adult's finger touching her cheek than to her own hand touching her cheek. This finding demonstrates that Uli has the beginnings of

Accepted Answer

A)   self-awareness.
B)   effortful control.
C)   an internal working model.
D)   emotional self-regulation.

Question 14

Observation of which of the following children is likely to provide a researcher with the most accurate long-term prediction of temperament?

Accepted Answer

A)   Quinn, a newborn
B)   Ava, age 12 months
C)   Samantha, age 2
D)   Tyson, age 4

Question 15

Cross-cultural research indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)   the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture.
B)   in collectivist cultures, most children are taught to feel pride over personal achievement.
C)   expressions of basic emotions differ widely from culture to culture, but expressions of self-conscious emotions are universal.
D)   in individualistic cultures, most children are taught to feel embarrassment over personal achievement.

Question 16

When asked to push a wagon while standing on a towel attached to its rear axle, 21-month-old Maximus figures out that if he removes himself from the towel, the wagon will move. Maximus is displaying

Accepted Answer

A)   effortful control.
B)   an implicit sense of self-world differentiation.
C)   a categorical self.
D)   an explicit body self-awareness.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about grandparents who are primary caregivers is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   Warm grandparent-grandchild bonds help protect children from worsening adjustment problems, even under conditions of great hardship.
B)   Less than 1 percent of the U.S. child population live with their grandparents but apart from parents.
C)   Grandparents in Caucasian families are more likely to serve as children's primary caregivers than grandparents in other ethnic groups.
D)   Grandparent caregivers rarely forge significant attachment relationships with their grandchildren.

Question 18

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

Accepted Answer

A)   guilt, shame, and pride
B)   shame, doubt, and fear
C)   embarrassment, pride, and sadness
D)   envy, happiness, and disgust

Question 19

Peer sociability is

Accepted Answer

A)   not present in the first two years.
B)   promoted by the early caregiver-child bond.
C)   extremely delayed in only children.
D)   delayed in children who spend time in child care.

Question 20

Describe how living in a family with siblings might have an influence on a child's temperament.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how living in a family with...

Exam 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood