Question 1

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown below.
 
-Which number represents the closest relative to the parareptiles?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 3 
D) 9 
E) It is not possible to say.

Question 2

Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general)to least inclusive (most specific).
1)lobe-fins
2)amphibians
3)gnathostomes
4)osteichthyans
5)tetrapods

Accepted Answer

A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 
B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 
C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 
D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 
E) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2

Question 3

Rank the following fishes,from most to least,in terms of the amount of energy it must use to maintain its position (depth)in the water column over the long term.
1)physoclistus fish
2)physostomus fish
3)chondrichthyan fish

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 2, 3 
B) 2, 3, 1 
C) 2, 1, 3 
D) 3, 1, 2 
E) 3, 2, 1

Question 4

In the United States and Canada,bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: They either migrate south,or they hibernate.Recently,those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus,Geomyces destructans (Gd),an attack that is occurring from Missouri to southern Canada.Many infected bats have a delicate,white filamentous mat on their muzzles,which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS).The fungus invades the bat tissues,causes discomfort,and awakens the bat from its hibernation.The bat fidgets and wastes calories,using up its stored fat.The bat then behaves abnormally,leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food.Their food,primarily insects,is scarce during the winter,and the bats ultimately starve to death.Since 2007,it is estimated that up to 1 million bats have perished from WNS.
-The Gd mat on the fur of the bats should be expected to consist of

Accepted Answer

A) hyphae. 
B) haustoria. 
C) arbuscules. 
D) yeasts. 
E) basidia.

Question 5

It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods.What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A) Like amphibians, they are tied to the water for reproduction. 
B) Their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs. 
C) They have highly evolved nervous and circulatory systems. 
D) They have lungs and are able to breathe air when water is scarce.

Question 6

Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the adoption of bipedalism?

Accepted Answer

A) fingerprints 
B) enhanced depth perception 
C) shortened hind limbs 
D) opposable big toe 
E) repositioning of foramen magnum

Question 7

The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens found so far date from about

Accepted Answer

A) 6 million years ago. 
B) 1)6 million years ago. 
C) 195 000 years ago. 
D) 60 000 years ago. 
E) 16 000 years ago.

Question 8

What group of mammals have (a)embryos that spend more time feeding through the placenta than the mother's nipples,(b)young that feed on milk,and (c)a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta?

Accepted Answer

A) Eutheria 
B) Marsupiala 
C) Monotremata

Question 9

What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods?

Accepted Answer

A) They should show evidence of internal fertilization. 
B) They should show evidence of having produced shelled eggs. 
C) They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land. 
D) They should be transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichthyans that lived at the same time. 
E) They should feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws.

Question 10

During chordate evolution,what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent)in which the following structures arose?
1)amniotic egg
2)paired fins
3)jaws
4)swim bladder
5)four-chambered heart

Accepted Answer

A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 
B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 
C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 
D) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 
E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5

Question 11

If a physoclistus fish removes gas from its swim bladder,this fish's density cannot actually change until that gas arrives at the

Accepted Answer

A) mouth. 
B) gills. 
C) skin. 
D) heart. 
E) anus.

Question 12

At the end of which era did most dinosaurs and pterosaurs become extinct?

Accepted Answer

A) Cretaceous 
B) Permian 
C) Devonian 
D) Ordovician 
E) Triassic

Question 13

Hagfish have slime glands that can produce large amounts of slime.What is an important function of slime production?

Accepted Answer

A) Slime makes the hagfish slippery, enabling it to swim faster and escape predators. 
B) Slime makes the hagfish slippery, so it slips out of a predator's grasp. 
C) The slime can coat the gills of predators and suffocate them. 
D) Slime clouds the water, allowing the hagfish time to escape. 
E) Slime is toxic and poisons the predator.

Question 14

The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur,hair,and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of

Accepted Answer

A) shared ancestry. 
B) convergent evolution. 
C) homology. 
D) evolutionary divergence.

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?

Accepted Answer

A) jaws 
B) post-anal tail 
C) four-chambered heart 
D) vertebrae

Question 16

Regarding its position in the water column,the same thing that happens to a shark when it stops swimming also happens to a

Accepted Answer

A) physostomus fish when it gulps air. 
B) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the blood into the water. 
C) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the swim bladder into the blood. 
D) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the blood into the swim bladder.

Question 17

Which of these species had members who moved out of Africa?

Accepted Answer

A) H) erectus 
B) H) ergaster 
C) H) habilis 
D) H) sapiens 
E) both H. sapiens and H. erectus

Question 18

In coelacanths,a swim bladder is present,but the swim bladder is full of adipose tissue (fat),which is there on a fairly permanent basis.If such a swim bladder is used by coelacanths to affect buoyancy,then it does so in much the same way as does the

Accepted Answer

A) liver of a shark. 
B) physoclistus swim bladder. 
C) physostomus swim bladder. 
D) lung of a lungfish.

Question 19

The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams,but whose adults live most of their lives in sea water,are similar in this respect to certain species of

Accepted Answer

A) chondrichthyans. 
B) actinopterygians. 
C) lungfishes. 
D) coelacanths. 
E) hagfishes.

Question 20

Examination of the fossils of Archaeopteryx reveals that,in common with extant birds,it had

Accepted Answer

A) a long tail containing vertebrae. 
B) feathers. 
C) teeth. 
D) Three of the options listed are correct. 
E) Two of the options listed are correct.

Exam 34: The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown below. -Which number represents the closest relative to the parareptiles?

Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific) . 1) lobe-fins 2) amphibians 3) gnathostomes 4) osteichthyans 5) tetrapods

Rank the following fishes,from most to least,in terms of the amount of energy it must use to maintain its position (depth) in the water column over the long term. 1) physoclistus fish 2) physostomus fish 3) chondrichthyan fish