Question 1

Compare and contrast a primary reinforcer and a conditioned reinforcer. Since primary reinforcers can produce effective learning the very first time they are used, explain why conditioned reinforcers are still important or useful.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast a primary reinforcer and...

Question 2

Estes' stimulus sampling theory is a _______ approach.

Accepted Answer

A)  mathematical, configural 
B)  mathematical, stimulus-element 
C)  cognitive, configural stimulus 
D)  cognitive, stimulus-element

Question 3

A "bliss point" is said to occur when two behaviors

Accepted Answer

A)  are substitutes or show the same level of preference. 
B)  are produced at their preferred rate or duration. 
C)  occur less than the subject prefers, but in proportion to their value. 
D)  occur at their baseline rates

Question 4

The behavioral version of selection by consequences assumes that

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement stamps in successful or useful behaviors. 
B)  reinforcement prevents some behaviors from becoming extinguished. 
C)  behavioral variation can occur even when the organism's original behavior is not variable. 
D)  nonrewarded behaviors never really disappear, they just become less frequent.

Question 5

Precommitment involves

Accepted Answer

A)  reducing the size of a reward to reduce impulsiveness. 
B)  using willpower to control impulsive urges. 
C)  making a choice long before a reward is available. 
D)  counterconditioning one's preferences.

Question 6

Commodities are most likely to show inelasticity when they are

Accepted Answer

A)  independents. 
B)  necessities. 
C)  luxuries. 
D)  dependents.

Question 7

Which scenario illustrates Guthrie's assumption as to why reinforcement facilitates instrumental learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Highly salient stimuli, like reinforcers, reduce interference from competing behaviors by conditioning them to a different stimulus context. 
B)  A biologically significant and valued event stamps in or strengthens the connection between behavior and outcome. 
C)  For the first event that occurs following a behavior, both its contiguity and salience result in a clear and complete association in just one trial. 
D)  A unique and stronger connection is created between the linked response node and the stimulus node than between other response and stimulus nodes.

Question 8

Scalloping is said to occur in situations in which

Accepted Answer

A)  the occurrence of reinforcement is infrequent. 
B)  the passage of time becomes an SD for responding. 
C)  the more the subject responds, the sooner the reward is offered. 
D)  the subject collects enough rewards such that it is no longer willing to respond.

Question 9

In operant conditioning, the stimulus that sets the occasion for a response to be nonreinforced is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  SF1F1F1S1F1F1F10.  
B)  SD. 
C)  CS. 
D)  S2.

Question 10

Skinner assumed that when reinforcers are not made contingent on behavior,

Accepted Answer

A)  superstitious behaviors are likely to develop. 
B)  subjects are likely to be more motivated than when reinforcers are absent. 
C)  they act as occasion setters and facilitate learning. 
D)  they reduce competing behaviors and enhance attention.

Question 11

Compare and contrast the theoretical approaches to reinforcement developed by Edward Thorndike and Edwin Guthrie.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast the theoretical approaches to...

Question 12

In general, the schedule that produces the highest and most stable rate of responding is the _______ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  VR 
B)  VI 
C)  FR 
D)  FI

Question 13

A subject learns that when the ceiling light is flashing, lever pressing is rewarded, but when the chamber is dimly but continuously illuminated, lever pressing is not rewarded. Here, the flashing light is the

Accepted Answer

A)  faded stimulus. 
B)  SD. 
C)  SF1F1F1S1F1F1F10. 
D)  sampled stimulus.

Question 14

A scalloping pattern of responding is most likely seen in a subject trained according to a _______ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed interval 
B)  fixed ratio 
C)  variable interval 
D)  variable ratio

Question 15

A mother of young children plans to serve hot cider and cookies at a children's party. However, when she gets to the grocery store, she finds that a jug of cider is much more expensive than a canister of hot chocolate mix. She decides to purchase the canister of hot chocolate mix, because the hot chocolate can serve as a(n) _______ and demand is _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  substitute; elastic. 
B)  complement; elastic. 
C)  independent; elastic. 
D)  substitute; inelastic.

Question 16

A subject learns that when the ceiling light is flashing, lever pressing is rewarded, but when the chamber is dimly but continuously illuminated, lever pressing is not rewarded. Here, the dim, continuously illuminated ceiling light is the

Accepted Answer

A)  faded stimulus. 
B)  sampled stimulus. 
C)  SD. 
D)  SF1F1F1S1F1F1F10.

Question 17

A postreinforcement pause is most likely seen in a subject trained according to a _______ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed interval 
B)  fixed ratio 
C)  variable interval 
D)  variable ratio

Question 18

Which statement does not express one component of Hull's theory of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Drive is a theoretical, intervening variable. 
B)  Drive reduction is assumed to stamp in associations. 
C)  Drive is assumed to increase general activity or exploration. 
D)  Drive is produced by unfulfilled biological needs.

Question 19

The minimum distance model assumes that

Accepted Answer

A)  the bliss point can easily be achieved by means of responses that are at a rate proportional to the preferences for each behavior. 
B)  schedule constraints prevent achievement of the bliss point; however, the subject can allocate responses to get as close to bliss as possible. 
C)  as the preferences for two behaviors become more similar, the bliss point is easier to achieve. 
D)  the time it takes to complete each schedule requirement-regardless of time interval or ratio schedule-determines which behavior is preferred.

Question 20

Stimulus control resembles the classical conditioning phenomenon of

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization effects. 
B)  occasion setting. 
C)  interference effects. 
D)  motivation level.

Exam 7: Behavior and Its Consequences

Compare and contrast a primary reinforcer and a conditioned reinforcer. Since primary reinforcers can produce effective learning the very first time they are used, explain why conditioned reinforcers are still important or useful.

Estes' stimulus sampling theory is a _______ approach.

A "bliss point" is said to occur when two behaviors

The behavioral version of selection by consequences assumes that

Precommitment involves

Commodities are most likely to show inelasticity when they are

Which scenario illustrates Guthrie's assumption as to why reinforcement facilitates instrumental learning?

Scalloping is said to occur in situations in which

In operant conditioning, the stimulus that sets the occasion for a response to be nonreinforced is a(n)

Skinner assumed that when reinforcers are not made contingent on behavior,

Compare and contrast the theoretical approaches to reinforcement developed by Edward Thorndike and Edwin Guthrie.

In general, the schedule that produces the highest and most stable rate of responding is the _______ schedule.

A subject learns that when the ceiling light is flashing, lever pressing is rewarded, but when the chamber is dimly but continuously illuminated, lever pressing is not rewarded. Here, the flashing light is the

A scalloping pattern of responding is most likely seen in a subject trained according to a _______ schedule.

A subject learns that when the ceiling light is flashing, lever pressing is rewarded, but when the chamber is dimly but continuously illuminated, lever pressing is not rewarded. Here, the dim, continuously illuminated ceiling light is the

A postreinforcement pause is most likely seen in a subject trained according to a _______ schedule.

Which statement does not express one component of Hull's theory of learning?

The minimum distance model assumes that

Stimulus control resembles the classical conditioning phenomenon of