Question 1

Which term could not be used to describe classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   Reflexive
B)   Antecedent controlled
C)   Innate
D)   Learned C

Question 2

Give an example of instrumental conditioning not discussed in the text or in class, and explain its components and effect.

Accepted Answer

In my Learning class, I paraphrased the information in each chapter out loud daily (R), and I received an A on the final exam (O). I now paraphrase all textbook chapters in each of my classes.

Question 3

Darwin's theory of evolution assumes that _______ change(s) through evolution.

Accepted Answer

A)   only physiology
B)   only mental capacities
C)   physiology and mental capacities only in animals
D)   both physiology and mental capacities in animals and humans D

Question 4

The perspective that the mind is a tabula rasa at birth is associated with the philosopher

Accepted Answer

A)   Thomas Hobbes.
B)   Julien de la Mettrie.
C)   John Locke.
D)   Immanuel Kant.

Question 5

Which behavior is the best example of a "reflex action" as described by René Descartes?

Accepted Answer

A)   Sydney is given a set of crayons, and she immediately chooses the green crayon to complete her drawing.
B)   Travis descends stairs, trips and almost falls, and then notices that his heart is pounding and his breathing rate has increased.
C)   A dog sees a rabbit run under a fence and then rapidly tries to squeeze under the fence.
D)   A squirrel walks across the top of a fence, jumps to and crosses a telephone wire, leaps to the top of a bird feeder, and then opens the latched door to gain access to the bird seed.

Question 6

Consider the differences between Romanes' and Morgan's approaches to understanding behavior. In what ways do these differences resemble the disagreement that exists between structuralist and behaviorist understandings of behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the differences between Romanes' and Morgan's...

Question 7

Explain how Morgan's Canon and empiricism produced a sound foundation for understanding behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how Morgan's Canon and empiricism produced...

Question 8

Which of the following can be used to demonstrate an intervening variable, a motivating force, and a biological need?

Accepted Answer

A)   Tolman's concept of anchoring
B)   Hull's concept of habit
C)   Hull's concept of Drive
D)   Skinner's box

Question 9

The British philosopher Thomas Hobbes would most likely agree that

Accepted Answer

A)   human thought and behavior are governed by the intent to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
B)   humans and animals have free will and are capable of voluntary behavior.
C)   the holistic approach is the best way to study the contents of the mind.
D)   experience leads humans to associate pleasure with pain.

Question 10

Which statement most closely represents an application of Morgan's Canon?

Accepted Answer

A)   In animals and humans, mind and behavior exist, to varying degrees, to solve problems.
B)   Mind and behavior are governed by cognition.
C)   Human and animal behaviors result from interactions with the environment.
D)   Human and animal behaviors result from an interaction of genetics and free will.

Question 11

The school of thought known as behaviorism argued that real progress in the field of psychology would occur if psychologists would limit their study to

Accepted Answer

A)   simple animal behaviors before attempting to explain the complexity of human behavior.
B)   just those human behaviors that could be verified by asking the subjects to explain how they had learned the behavior and why they performed it.
C)   behavior that could be verified by physiological data from the nervous system.
D)   directly observable and measurable behaviors that could be independently verified.

Question 12

Who would be most likely to take that position that learning is not the experience of sudden insights, but rather a gradual process of trial and error?

Accepted Answer

A)   Ivan Sechenov
B)   Edward Tolman
C)   Edward Thorndike
D)   Ivan Pavlov

Question 13

An experimenter who observes that manipulating an antecedent stimulus changes the subject's behavior is most likely looking at

Accepted Answer

A)   operant behavior.
B)   dualism.
C)   respondent behavior.
D)   the law of effect.

Question 14

Modern neuroimaging in humans can give us information about

Accepted Answer

A)   brain activity during different learning tasks, and thus the brain areas responsible for learning.
B)   brain activity during different learning tasks, but little information as to whether they are responsible for learning.
C)   causal connections between brain events and behavior, but no information about learning.
D)   where associations are formed and stored.

Question 15

Operational behaviorism asserted that

Accepted Answer

A)   behavior can be studied reliably only by using the highly controlled equipment of the operant chamber.
B)   an unobservable variable can be used to explain behavior if we indicate how we will manipulate it and how it will affect behavior.
C)   before we can reliably measure and predict behavior, we must have accurate operational definitions of the antecedents.
D)   both respondent conditioning and operant behavior are controlled by the same operations-antecedent events.

Question 16

The view that the mind is empty at birth and that exposure to the environment gives rise to experiences that the organism stores in its memory is known as

Accepted Answer

A)   dualism.
B)   rationalism.
C)   empiricism.
D)   hedonism.

Question 17

A consequence of a response that increases the response would be classified as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   reinforcer.
B)   operant.
C)   punisher.
D)   satisfier.

Question 18

The French philosopher René Descartes would most likely agree with which statement?

Accepted Answer

A)   Animals are more machinelike than humans, because only humans possess a mind that allows for free will and voluntary behavior.
B)   All behaviors of human and nonhuman animals are governed by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
C)   All knowledge, and indeed the mind, results from experience with the environment.
D)   Humans and animals come into the world with minds that are already prepared or formatted to interpret the environment they are likely to encounter so that they can learn from their experiences.

Question 19

Tolman and Hull were important because

Accepted Answer

A)   their work resulted in our knowledge of maze learning and drive.
B)   their approaches made it possible and acceptable to use unobservable events in psychological explanations.
C)   they eliminated radical behaviorism from psychology.
D)   they brought back introspection as a valid framework.

Question 20

When you are hungry you search for food. Imagine that you are hungry now as you take this test-but you are not searching for food. The associative link(s) required to make you respond to the hunger with a search for food is(are) missing. List the link(s) that are absent and describe why the link(s) are necessary for you to search for food.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When you are hungry you search for...

Exam 1: Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way