Question 1

Allejandro lives in an urban high-rise apartment in a poverty-stricken neighborhood. His parents have taught him to distrust anyone who is not a family member and they have encouraged aggressive play and independence since he was very young. Which of the following statements best describes why Allejandro's parents parented in this manner?

Accepted Answer

A)  Allejandro's parents failed to understand the importance of teaching their son to be kind and compassionate. 
B)  These child-rearing choices maximized the likelihood that Allejandro would survive in this "war zone" environment. 
C)  Allejandro's mother, a take-charge individual, made these child-rearing decisions to raise a son she could be proud of. 
D)  Sadly, Allejandro's parents cared little about him and hoped for a time when their parenting responsibilities would be finished.

Question 2

A child's gender does NOT play a role in the expectations parents have of their children.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

The discomfort or distress that stems from the child or parenting role is labeled ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  parenting stress 
B)  adaptive demand 
C)  demand burden 
D)  caretaker duress

Question 4

Assistance from others, or social support, ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  may undermine an individual's sense of autonomy 
B)  is only effective when provided by a spouse or partner 
C)  is likely to encourage people to stay in poverty 
D)  helps counteract the negative effects of stress

Question 5

Lila and her son, Jacob, were visiting friends one afternoon when Jacob melted into a terrible tantrum. Lila wondered if he was tired, then thought quickly about what might help him regain his composure. Her attempt to understand Jacob's experience from his point of view reveals her ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  frustration 
B)  intellect 
C)  empathy 
D)  tolerance

Question 6

Belsky and his colleagues believed that ______ played the most important role in parenting behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A)  the child's characteristics 
B)  a parent's personality 
C)  the family's social support 
D)  the parent's multiple stressors

Question 7

Stressed parents are likely to be irritable, negative, punitive, and withdrawn.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Fathers are sometimes observed to behave differently toward their sons than toward their daughters. This is an example of a(n) ______ effect between the gender of the parent and the gender of the child.

Accepted Answer

A)  interaction 
B)  mediating 
C)  moderating 
D)  compensatory

Question 9

Parental attitudes shape the behaviors of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters. For example, ______ tend to place importance on expressive issues like emotion but ______ tend to place importance on instrumental issues like responsibility.

Accepted Answer

A)  mothers of girls; mothers of boys 
B)  fathers of girls; fathers of boys 
C)  mothers; fathers 
D)  fathers; mothers

Question 10

Which of the following influences were NOT included in Belsky's model of parenting behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  child characteristics 
B)  contextual sources of stress and social support 
C)  situational Influences 
D)  parental psychological resources

Question 11

Obedience and the ability to "stick to the rules" are more likely to pay off in ______ occupations.

Accepted Answer

A)  high salary, executive positions 
B)  lower salary, manual labor jobs 
C)  mid-level salary, management positions 
D)  entry-level salary, professional positions

Question 12

A compensatory effect of child-rearing determinants occurs when the effects of one ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  variable depend on the existence of effects for a second variable 
B)  independent variable increase the effects of a second variable 
C)  positive variable reduce the effects of a second positive variable 
D)  positive variable are strong enough to make up for one negative variable

Question 13

According to a 2016 study published about parent-child conversations after trips to the emergency room, parents were how many more times more likely to warn girls to be careful about engaging in certain activities than boys?

Accepted Answer

A)  equally as likely 
B)  half 
C)  four times 
D)  they did not warn girls at all

Question 14

Short-term goals are a powerful influence on parenting behaviors. ______ are intended to prepare the child for long-term success.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cultural goals 
B)  Child-centered goals 
C)  Adaptation goals 
D)  Socialization goals

Question 15

Prior experience is NOT a central parental characteristic related to child-rearing.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Parenting stressors appear to have a(n) ______ effect. That is, as new stressors are experienced, the likelihood of a poor child-rearing environment is increased.

Accepted Answer

A)  additive 
B)  exponential 
C)  accumulation 
D)  multiplicative

Question 17

Several cross-cultural studies have examined relations between organized religion, ______ (how faithfully religion is practiced), and adult values.

Accepted Answer

A)  conservatism 
B)  devotion 
C)  severity 
D)  religiosity

Question 18

As of 2018, about ______ of mothers of small children in the United States worked outside the home.

Accepted Answer

A)  25% 
B)  45% 
C)  65% 
D)  85%

Question 19

Evans, Maxwell, and Hart (1999) studied the effects of crowding on parent-child communication. The researchers found that crowding ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  reduced the number of communications between parents and children 
B)  was unrelated to parent's communication with their children 
C)  reduced the complexity of sentences parents used when speaking to children 
D)  increased the number of directives parents gave to children

Question 20

Greenberger and her colleagues found that mothers and fathers are equally committed to employers and also share similar levels of job satisfaction. In addition, the researchers found that ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  mothers and fathers feel less stress when both work outside the home 
B)  mothers feel more stress as they attempt to balance work and home commitments 
C)  fathers feel conflicted about being away from their children more than mothers do 
D)  mothers and fathers who work outside the home share household chores evenly

Exam 5: Determinants of Parenting

A child's gender does NOT play a role in the expectations parents have of their children.

The discomfort or distress that stems from the child or parenting role is labeled ______.

Assistance from others, or social support, ______.

Lila and her son, Jacob, were visiting friends one afternoon when Jacob melted into a terrible tantrum. Lila wondered if he was tired, then thought quickly about what might help him regain his composure. Her attempt to understand Jacob's experience from his point of view reveals her ______.

Belsky and his colleagues believed that ______ played the most important role in parenting behaviors.

Stressed parents are likely to be irritable, negative, punitive, and withdrawn.

Fathers are sometimes observed to behave differently toward their sons than toward their daughters. This is an example of a(n) ______ effect between the gender of the parent and the gender of the child.

Parental attitudes shape the behaviors of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters. For example, tend to place importance on expressive issues like emotion but tend to place importance on instrumental issues like responsibility.

Which of the following influences were NOT included in Belsky's model of parenting behavior?

Obedience and the ability to "stick to the rules" are more likely to pay off in ______ occupations.

A compensatory effect of child-rearing determinants occurs when the effects of one ______.

According to a 2016 study published about parent-child conversations after trips to the emergency room, parents were how many more times more likely to warn girls to be careful about engaging in certain activities than boys?

Short-term goals are a powerful influence on parenting behaviors. ______ are intended to prepare the child for long-term success.

Prior experience is NOT a central parental characteristic related to child-rearing.

Parenting stressors appear to have a(n) ______ effect. That is, as new stressors are experienced, the likelihood of a poor child-rearing environment is increased.

Several cross-cultural studies have examined relations between organized religion, ______ (how faithfully religion is practiced) , and adult values.

As of 2018, about ______ of mothers of small children in the United States worked outside the home.

Evans, Maxwell, and Hart (1999) studied the effects of crowding on parent-child communication. The researchers found that crowding ______.

Greenberger and her colleagues found that mothers and fathers are equally committed to employers and also share similar levels of job satisfaction. In addition, the researchers found that ______.