Question 1

Twins Brooke and LouAnn are being used in an adoption study. Brooke lives with her biological parents, while LouAnn lives with her adoptive parents. Despite the fact that LouAnn happens to share similar characteristics with her adoptive parents, it is safe to assume that the correlation is not significant enough to include in statistical modeling.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

After 3-year-old Tim whined for a candy bar for several minutes, his mother gave up and gave in to his demands. Based on a Social Learning Theory perspective, Tim's mother ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   reestablished equilibrium in their interactions
B)   reinforced his negative whining behavior
C)   taught him that she cared about his discomfort
D)   reduced the chance that his whining would recur B

Question 3

Researchers who adopt a Social Learning approach to understanding parents and their child-rearing behaviors might focus on ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   operant conditioning behaviors that parents exhibit
B)   parents' consistent recall of their own parents' behaviors
C)   social interactions that promote or block close relationships
D)   maladaptive thoughts held by parents and/or children A

Question 4

According to the Child Effects Approach, physical or personal attributes that influence parenting include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   intelligence
B)   health
C)   activity level
D)   prematurity

Question 5

Which of the following approaches takes the most specificity into account?

Accepted Answer

A)   Child Effects
B)   Parenting Traits
C)   Social Learning
D)   Momentary Process

Question 6

Diana and her daughter have a healthy, interdependent relationship. They take turns in conversation and Diana is attuned to her daughter's exchanges and vice versa. Which of the following best describes this so-called, "dance" between parent and infant?

Accepted Answer

A)   feedback loops
B)   negative synchrony
C)   dyadic synchrony
D)   negotiation mechanisms

Question 7

Baumrind's Child-Rearing Traits theory focused on how much ______ parents exhibited.

Accepted Answer

A)   love and affection
B)   rigidity and flexibility
C)   warmth and control
D)   help and support

Question 8

Which of the following statements is most TRUE regarding the Parenting Traits approach to child-rearing research?

Accepted Answer

A)   It assumes that parenting behaviors are guided by children's behavior.
B)   It provides in-depth characterizations of parenting behaviors.
C)   It assesses how parents act differently toward different children.
D)   It is the oldest approach to conceptualizing and studying parents.

Question 9

The ______ approach was a reaction to the unidirectional view of influence embodied in the Parental Traits approach.

Accepted Answer

A)   Momentary Process
B)   Child Effects
C)   Social Learning
D)   Social Address

Question 10

According to the text, the Social Address approach is a good first step in documenting differences between groups of parents. However, the author warns that ______ may be ignored when researchers employ this approach.

Accepted Answer

A)   culturally mandated parenting processes for different groups
B)   the great variation between different cultural groups
C)   influence of genetic variation between the different groups
D)   the considerable variation within a cultural group

Question 11

Margaret Mead's study on inhabitants of the island of Samoa laid the groundwork for other investigations utilizing the Social Address approach.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Parents characterized by their intrusive and general over-involvement in their children's lives are known as ______ parents.

Accepted Answer

A)   hovering
B)   helicopter
C)   competent
D)   passive

Question 13

The Parenting Traits approach summarizes parent's behavior using ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   a single characteristic
B)   detailed descriptions
C)   negative labels
D)   multiple approaches

Question 14

Delia was determined to parent in a more thoughtful way than she had been parented. She planned ahead to reduce conflict, reflected on what worked and what did not, and effectively solved problems if they occurred. By anticipating, reflecting, and problem-solving, Delia was ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   metaparenting
B)   processing information
C)   reframing attributions
D)   retraining cognition

Question 15

During their interactions, Joanna and her toddler show very brief (0.3-1.0 s) variations in their looking, head movements, and pauses. According to the Ecological Momentary Process approach, through these actions, they ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   show differential susceptibility of each other's influence
B)   trigger innate caregiving and compliance behaviors
C)   alternate between awareness and inattention
D)   regulate and influence each other's behavior

Question 16

In comparison to approaches such as the Social Address Approach, the Behavioral Genetics Approach provides a more balanced approach by assessing the role of genetic inheritance in behavioral outcomes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

A ______ is a variable that affects the strength or direction of a relation between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

A)   mediator
B)   moderator
C)   monitor
D)   modulator

Question 18

Discuss the pros and cons of co-sleeping with infants. Do you think it is a healthy practice to engage in with infants?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the pros and cons of co-sleeping...

Question 19

In which of the following pairs does the approach NOT relate to the topics that follow?

Accepted Answer

A)   Parenting Trait approach--authoritative parenting style
B)   Social Cognition approach--expectations
C)   Child Effects approach--child's gender, age, and temperament
D)   Social Address approach--attachment, bonding

Question 20

Which of the following approaches acknowledges bidirectional influences?

Accepted Answer

A)   Ecological Momentary assessment
B)   Parenting Traits
C)   Social Address
D)   Parental Cognition

Exam 3: Approaches to Parenting Research