Passage Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Interprets the Nuclear Relaxation or Relaxivity

Passage
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) interprets the nuclear relaxation or relaxivity of hydrogen nuclei in resident water molecules.  Hydrogen nuclei in water have two magnetic spin states:  alpha and beta.  In the presence of an applied magnetic field, these spins will align with the field in an "excited" state and then relax back to the "ground" state, producing a signal with intensity proportional to relaxivity.  Frequently, an MRI contrast agent is used to increase the relaxation time in coordinated molecules, resulting in a more intense signal.Commonly used contrast agents include gadolinium-based agents.  Depending on its environment, gadolinium (Gd) can have eight or nine sites in its coordination sphere, allowing Gd³⁺ to interact with eight water molecules as in Gd(H₂O) ₈³⁺.  The electronic configuration of gadolinium is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1  Electronic configuration of gadoliniumGd³⁺ alone is toxic to cells because its ionic radius is similar to that of Ca²⁺, allowing Gd³⁺ to displace Ca²⁺ in biologically important settings.  Therefore, Gd³⁺ must be coordinated to an organic ligand such as 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to allow it to pass through the body safely.  When chelated, DOTA displaces the water around gadolinium and leaves only one coordination site for a water molecule (Figure 2) .
Figure 2  Gd-DOTA with a water coordinated to Gd³⁺Zinc ions (Zn²⁺) are required to store insulin and are co-released when insulin is secreted by the pancreas.  To detect zinc ions in the body, researchers have designed a variation of Gd-DOTA called Gd-daa3 with two diaminoacetate (daa) arms that preferentially bind to Zn²⁺ ions (Figure 3) .  When Zn²⁺ is absent, these arms coordinate to Gd³⁺ and create a nine-coordinate complex that prohibits water from binding to Gd³⁺.  Binding of diaminoacetate arms to Zn²⁺ frees Gd³⁺ to coordinate with water molecules.  This configuration results in increased signal intensity in the parts of the cell where Zn²⁺ is located.
Figure 3  Gd-daa3 when Zn²⁺ is present
Adapted from Louie A. MRI biosensors: a short primer. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;38(3) :530-9.
-Which of the following accurately describes the magnetic properties of Gd³⁺ ions?

A) Gd³⁺ is diamagnetic because of unpaired electrons.
B) Gd³⁺ is paramagnetic and its electron spins align parallel to the applied magnetic field.
C) Gd³⁺ is diamagnetic because ions are attracted to the magnetic field due to their positive charge.
D) Gd³⁺ is paramagnetic and therefore repels magnetic field lines.

Correct Answer:

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