Question 1

Prospective jurors willing to vote for the death penalty do not show

Accepted Answer

A)  a greater concern with crime. 
B)  more cynicism toward defense attorneys. 
C)  a greater suspiciousness of police officers. 
D)  a greater tendency to convict.

Question 2

In a murder case involving a six-person jury, five of the jurors think the defendant is guilty and one thinks the defendant is not guilty. In another murder case involving a 12-person jury, ten think the defendant is guilty and two think the defendant is not guilty. Based on Asch's research on conformity, and all other things being equal, what predictions can be made about the likelihood that the jurors in the minority in these two trials will resist the pressures exerted by those in the majority to change their verdicts?

Accepted Answer

A)  The minority in the smaller jury should be less likely to maintain his or her independence because the minority in the smaller jury has no allies in dissent. 
B)  The minority in the larger jury should be less likely to maintain their independence because the majority in the larger jury is comprised of more people. 
C)  Because the proportion of majority to minority jurors is equivalent in these two juries, the minorities should be equally likely to maintain their independence. 
D)  If the evidence in both cases is ambiguous, the minority in the smaller jury should be less likely to maintain his or her independence; but if the evidence in both cases is unambiguous, there should be no difference between the juries.

Question 3

Stark and others (2010) showed participants slides of a man stealing a woman's wallet and slipping it in his jacket. Then an auditory recording recounted the event, stating that the wallet had been slipped into his pants. The results showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  false memories tended to occur in the visual cortex. 
B)  false memories tended to occur in the auditory cortex. 
C)  false memories rarely occurred. 
D)  memories could be accurately retrieved if participants visualized the crime.

Question 4

What would not be the underlying factor for punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Retribution 
B)  Incapacitation 
C)  Nullification 
D)  Deterrence

Question 5

What happens when experts provide jurors with information on the conditions under which eyewitness records are reliable?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jurors indicate reactance and may accept inaccurate testimony. 
B)  Jurors are not influenced by the details provided by the experts. 
C)  Jurors believe the credibility of the testimony. 
D)  Jurors may find testimony less convincing.

Question 6

According to Rhodes and Anastasi (2012), children, young adults, and the elderly all had difficulty recognizing others who were part of a different ____ than their own.

Accepted Answer

A)  neighborhood 
B)  age group 
C)  ethnicity 
D)  religion

Question 7

As deliberation begins, nine jurors think that the defendant is guilty. At first, the three jurors who think otherwise are resistant to changing their minds, but after hearing what the others have to say, they are genuinely persuaded and decide to vote guilty. The factor most likely to have led these three jurors to change their verdict is

Accepted Answer

A)  the leniency bias. 
B)  the influence of peremptory challenges. 
C)  normative influence. 
D)  informational influence.

Question 8

Henry is a Caucasian male and the foreman of a criminal jury. The defendant in the trial is also a Caucasian male, and the evidence against him is quite strong. Research suggests that Henry is likely to be

Accepted Answer

A)  harsher in his judgments than he would have been if the defendant were not Caucasian. 
B)  more lenient in his judgments than he would have been if the defendant were not Caucasian. 
C)  more forceful than the other jurors in making his arguments about the case. 
D)  less concerned with procedural aspects of the deliberations than other jurors.

Question 9

Breonna has been arrested for prostitution. She hires a lawyer who puts together a defense against the case created by the prosecuting attorney. Each side then presents its case in court. This scenario is an example of the

Accepted Answer

A)  deliberation process. 
B)  adversarial model. 
C)  reconciliation phase. 
D)  inquisitorial model.

Question 10

After a 36-hour interrogation, Liz just wanted to make it end so she confessed to the kidnapping even though she had not committed the crime. Liz's confession would be labeled as

Accepted Answer

A)  internalization. 
B)  compliance. 
C)  reactive. 
D)  misinformed.

Question 11

Litigants at trial may remove prospective jurors from their jury through the use of peremptory challenges. Traditionally, no explanation has to be given for the use of a peremptory, but within the past few decades, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that preemptory dismissal may not be based on a juror's

Accepted Answer

A)  education level. 
B)  race. 
C)  physical appearance. 
D)  Sex

Question 12

Marita is studying how the legal system in the United States handles repeat offenders differently than the legal system in Canada. This is an example of a study in ____ law.

Accepted Answer

A)  tort 
B)  business 
C)  comparative 
D)  forensic

Question 13

According to Sommers and Ellsworth (2001), when a crime involves race, Caucasian jurors

Accepted Answer

A)  discriminated against an African American defendant. 
B)  avoided discrimination against an African American defendant. 
C)  were particularly motivated to be elected foreperson of the jury. 
D)  processed trial evidence less carefully than when the crime was race-neutral.

Question 14

Which of the following is not currently considered as a potential alternative to traditional polygraph tests?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypnosis 
B)  fMRI assessment of blood oxygen in the brain 
C)  Thermal imaging to detect rises in skin temperature 
D)  Pupil dilation

Question 15

The study of differences and similarities between the legal systems across the globe is called

Accepted Answer

A)  comparative law. 
B)  cross-cultural psychology. 
C)  international criminal justice. 
D)  cultural defense.

Question 16

_______ are the only members of the courtroom workgroup who are considered most powerful due to their discretion.

Accepted Answer

A)  Judges 
B)  Prosecutors 
C)  Bailiffs 
D)  Defense attorneys

Question 17

How many jurors does a petit jury have?

Accepted Answer

A)  26 
B)  12 
C)  16 
D)  22

Question 18

After Natalie testifies in court that she witnessed the defendant committing an armed robbery, a memory expert is called to testify on Natalie's ability to encode the information which was probably impaired. Which of the following factors did the expert most likely have in mind when he questioned Natalie's ability to acquire the information accurately?

Accepted Answer

A)  Weapon-focus effect 
B)  Reconstructive memory 
C)  Misleading questions 
D)  Leniency bias

Question 19

Attorney Kevin will be defending Mark, who is accused of raping a 20-year-old female. Who of the following jurors is probably the least sympathetic to his or her client's case?

Accepted Answer

A)  Marry, a 38-year-old mother of two who tends to be disciplinarian 
B)  Keith, a 41-year-old plumber who once served a sentence for kidnapping 
C)  Ash, a 22-year-old university scholar who is a liberal 
D)  Shelly, a 34-year-old newspaper reporter who opposes the death penalty

Question 20

Death qualification can be defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  pretrial hearings that are conducted to determine whether a defendant should receive the death penalty. 
B)  a procedure used during voir dire to ensure that jurors are prepared for potentially graphic testimony concerning violence, usually involving murder. 
C)  a jury selection procedure that permits judges to exclude from capital cases all prospective jurors who say they would refuse to vote for the death penalty under any circumstance. 
D)  jurors' decision to recommend the death penalty even if the prosecution has not asked for it.

Exam 12: Law