Question 1

What factor causes closure of the foramen ovale?

Accepted Answer

A)   increased blood pressure in the left atrium
B)   increased blood pressure in the right atrium
C)   increased PCO₂ in the arterial blood
D)   increased PO₂ in the arterial blood A

Question 2

Which vessels transports oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus?

Accepted Answer

A)   umbilical vein
B)   umbilical artery
C)   placental vein
D)   placental artery A

Question 3

What is the term for the procedure in which a sample of the fluid surrounding a fetus is removed via a needle inserted through the uterine wall and the fluid sample is analyzed for abnormalities?

Accepted Answer

A)   amniocentesis
B)   thoracentesis
C)   chorionic villi sampling
D)   sonography A

Question 4

What intrapleural pressure must be generated to initiate the first breath?

Accepted Answer

A)   -40 cm H20
B)   -400 cm H20
C)   -4 cm H20
D)   40 cm H20

Question 5

What does the presence of phosphatidyglycerol (PG)in the amniotic fluid indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)   low risk of development of respiratory distress
B)   high risk of development of respiratory distress
C)   immature fetal lungs
D)   uncertain fetal lung maturity

Question 6

What response would be expected if a newborn of 28 weeks gestational age received endotracheal suctioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   bradypnea or apnea would occur
B)   tachypnea would occur followed by apnea
C)   no change in respiratory rate rate would occur
D)   the newborn would take a breath on top of a breath

Question 7

How is fetal lung fluid normally removed?
I.Squeezed out during vaginal delivery
II.Absorbed by the pulmonary capillaries
III.Absorbed by the lymphatic system
IV.Removed by vigorous endobronchial suctioning by the delivery room staff

Accepted Answer

A)   I, II, and III only
B)   I, II, III, and IV
C)   I and II only
D)   II and III only

Question 8

What would you conclude regarding a fetus' lung maturity if the S:A ratio equaled 60?

Accepted Answer

A)   fetal lung maturity
B)   immature fetal lungs
C)   uncertain lung maturity
D)   Unable to make a conclusion since the S:A ratio does not assess lung maturity

Question 9

Where does fetal lung fluid originate?

Accepted Answer

A)   from alveolar cells
B)   from aspiration of amniotic fluid
C)   from maternal lymph vessels
D)   from the stomach and esophagus

Question 10

What is the average value for airway resistance in a newborn?

Accepted Answer

A)   30 cm H20/L/sec
B)   3 cm H20/L/sec
C)   0.005 /L/ sec/cm H20
D)   0.50 L/sec/cm H20

Question 11

Which of the following nerves,when stimulated,causes a decrease in the respiratory and heart rates of the newborn?

Accepted Answer

A)   V cranial nerve (trigeminal) 
B)   phrenic
C)   VII cranial nerve
D)   IX cranial nerve

Question 12

What is the most common cause of respiratory failure in preterm infants?

Accepted Answer

A)   RDS
B)   meconium aspiration
C)   pneumonia
D)   BPD

Question 13

At what gestational age does the terminal sac period begin?

Accepted Answer

A)   24 weeks
B)   22 weeks
C)   20 weeks
D)   26 weeks

Question 14

Constriction of the ductus arteriosus occurs in response to

Accepted Answer

A)   the newborn's increased PO₂
B)   the newborn's decreased pH
C)   the increase in blood pressure in the left atrium
D)   the increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery

Question 15

What is the term for the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall?

Accepted Answer

A)   abruptio placentae
B)   placenta previa
C)   placenta accreta
D)   placenta percreta

Question 16

Which of the following factors contribute to stimulate the first breath?
I.Tactile stimulation
II.Stimulation of central chemoreceptors
III.Stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors
IV.Thermal stimuli

Accepted Answer

A)   I, II, III, IV
B)   I, II, and III only
C)   II and III only
D)   I and IV only

Question 17

In a full-term newborn,how many alveoli are present at birth?

Accepted Answer

A)   24 million
B)   200 million
C)   240 million
D)   50 million

Question 18

After birth,into what structure does the umbilical vein evolve?

Accepted Answer

A)   ligamentum teres (round ligament)  of the liver
B)   lateral umbilical ligament
C)   ligamentum venosum of the liver
D)   ligamentum arteriosum

Question 19

What of the following influence the oxygen transfer from maternal to fetal blood?
I.Maternal -fetal PO₂ gradient
II.Higher hemoglobin concentration in fetal blood
III.Lower affinity of HbF for oxygen

Accepted Answer

A)   I and II only
B)   I, II, and III
C)   I and III only
D)   II and III only

Question 20

During the first 72 hours in the life of a healthy newborn,what changes would be expected in arterial blood gases?
I.pH would increase
II.PaCO₂ would decrease
III.HCO₃- would increase
IV.PaO₂ would increase

Accepted Answer

A)   I, II, and IV only
B)   I, II, III, and IV
C)   I and IV only
D)   II and IV only

Exam 10: Fetal Development and the Cardiopulmonary System