Question 1

Given what we know about the effects of genes and the environment, which of the following pairs of children would be expected to be most similar in terms of overall personality, psychological disorders, and intelligence?

Accepted Answer

A) biological siblings, each adopted immediately after birth, one raised in Vancouver and the other raised in Toronto 
B) dizygotic twins, one raised in a wealthy family living in a modern city and the other raised in poverty in a developing nation 
C) biological siblings raised in the same home 
D) adopted children from different biological families raised in the same home

Question 2

Krank and colleagues (2005, 2006) studied the development of alcohol and drug use in British Columbia youth.To do this, they collected cross-sectional survey data from more than 1300 students in Grades 7 to 9.For the longitudinal part of the study, they then re-tested the students once a year for the next two academic years.What is this combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional methods in one study called?

Accepted Answer

A) a cross-linkage research design 
B) a cohort research design 
C) a sequential research design 
D) an association research design

Question 3

In what type of study does a researcher manipulate an independent variable and observe the effects on a dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

A) a case study 
B) a correlational study 
C) an experiment 
D) an epidemiological study

Question 4

A researcher is testing the effects of violent media images on tolerance for aggressive behaviour by showing either nonviolent or violent movie scenes to participants and then asking the participants to rate the level of aggression they perceive in children interacting on a playground.Which of the following is the independent variable?

Accepted Answer

A) the type of scene that is shown 
B) how aggressive the children are behaving on the playground 
C) the participants' rating of aggression 
D) tolerance for aggression

Question 5

If you study two variables using the correlation method, what can you determine?

Accepted Answer

A) how one variable causes change in the other variable 
B) how the variables are related to one another 
C) whether both variables are affected by a third variable 
D) whether one variable produces a confound in studying the second variable

Question 6

One of the problems with longitudinal research is that it may be difficult to generalize the findings to other cohorts whose life experiences are very different from those of the study participants.What is this phenomenon known as?

Accepted Answer

A) the cross-generational effect 
B) the cross-cultural effect 
C) the peer effect 
D) the cohort effect

Question 7

There are four basic components of informed consent; competence and volunteerism are two of these.What are the other two?

Accepted Answer

A) anonymity and full information 
B) full information and comprehension 
C) knowledge of results and anonymity 
D) comprehension and knowledge of results

Question 8

According to your textbook, what is one of the most important reasons to conduct cross-cultural research in psychopathology?

Accepted Answer

A) We can understand more about psychopathology by understanding how culture is reflected in the experience of various disorders. 
B) Genetic influences of disorders can be best determined through careful comparison of the different environmental stressors found in various cultures. 
C) The stigma of psychopathology can be removed by understanding that psychopathology exists in all cultures. 
D) We can gain a better appreciation for the virtues of various cultures by examining how psychopathology is viewed by different cultures.

Question 9

What techniques have researchers used to examine the psychological effects of the stress of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks?

Accepted Answer

A) experiments 
B) clinical research 
C) epidemiological research 
D) a case study

Question 10

What does the incidence of a disorder refer to?

Accepted Answer

A) the predicted number of new cases during the coming year 
B) the estimated number of new cases during a specific period of time 
C) the distribution and consequences of a problem in a population 
D) the number of people with a disorder at any one time

Question 11

Historical case studies have provided new knowledge that has often eliminated existing societal myths.Whose research contributed to eliminating myths regarding human sexuality?

Accepted Answer

A) Nisbett and Ross 
B) Freud and Johnson 
C) Durand and Car 
D) Masters and Johnson

Question 12

Which of the following can family, twin, and adoption studies NOT identify?

Accepted Answer

A) whether a particular form of psychopathology is influenced by genes 
B) the approximate degree of influence of genetics for a specific psychological disorder 
C) the location of a gene associated with psychopathology 
D) whether a particular form of psychopathology is influenced by the environment

Question 13

What is the purpose of random assignment?

Accepted Answer

A) to ensure that each research participant spends an equal amount of time in the treatment and control groups 
B) to ensure that each research participant has an equal chance of being in the treatment or control group 
C) to ensure that everyone in each group is exactly the same on the independent variable 
D) to ensure that everyone in each group is exactly the same on the dependent variable

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of treatment process research?

Accepted Answer

A) determining which treatment reduces patients' anxiety in the fewest sessions 
B) examining the impact of Prozac on serotonin levels 
C) determining how many therapy sessions it takes for most anxiety patients to feel better 
D) examining the impact of Prozac on depression

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of treatment outcome research?

Accepted Answer

A) determining whether a medication actually has any impact on the function of the brain 
B) examining the changes in serotonin levels from taking medication 
C) exploring the parts of cognitive-behavioural therapy homework that are most difficult for patients to perform 
D) examining the impact of medication on depression

Question 16

Describe how genetic linkage studies are conducted and how these studies may help identify the specific locations of genes influencing a particular form of psychopathology.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how genetic linkage studies are conducted...

Question 17

"I remember being a very shy child, keeping to myself, and reading books.As an adolescent, I became more serious and quieter.As a young adult, I became more confident and outgoing." What type of research would this kind of information be used for?

Accepted Answer

A) a longitudinal study 
B) a sequential study 
C) a correlational study 
D) a cross-sectional study

Question 18

While trying to discover the nature of the relationship between stress and blood pressure, a researcher asks participants to complete a difficult task.The researcher monitors the participants' blood pressure while exposing some participants to noisy distractions and other participants to a quiet environment.What type of research study is this?

Accepted Answer

A) a correlational study 
B) a case study 
C) a placebo control study 
D) an experiment

Question 19

Dr.Seto is considering using awithdrawal design as part of a single-case experiment, but she has one major concern about this method.What concern does Dr.Seto most likely have?

Accepted Answer

A) She would be concerned that it is impossible to remove the treatment equally for the treatment and control subjects. 
B) She would be concerned that it is difficult to measure changes that are associated with removal of a treatment. 
C) She would be concerned about the placebo effect when the treatment is removed. 
D) She would be concerned about removing treatment that appears to be helping the patient.

Question 20

Why is randomization used to assign research participants to groups?

Accepted Answer

A) to prevent assembling groups that differ in a way that may influence the research outcome 
B) to make sure that all participants in the study are the same on the dependent variable when the study is concluded 
C) to make sure that all participants are the same on the independent variable before the study begins 
D) to prevent any differences in the way the independent variable is manipulated for all research subjects

Exam 4: Research Methods