Question 1

The formal method used by early psychologists to collect information by training people to use their first-person, subjective ability to directly examine their own thoughts, feelings, or sensations​ is called

Accepted Answer

A)  ​introspection. 
B)  ​meta-analysis. 
C)  ​functionalism. 
D)  ​systematic desensitization.

Question 2

Psychologists often obtain much information by observing the behavior of human and animals in their usual settings.They then use this information to form hypotheses and questions for future research.These psychologists are most likely using which research method?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​clinical method 
B)  ​naturalistic observation 
C)  ​case study method 
D)  survey method

Question 3

When a person takes a placebo for pain, the effect is imaginary, since there is no actual reduction in brain activity linked with pain.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Random assignment of subjects to groups in an experiment is used to reduce the effects of

Accepted Answer

A)  the independent variable. 
B)  the dependent variable. 
C)  experimenter bias. 
D)  extraneous variables.

Question 5

As a child grows in height from infancy to preschool, his or her vocabulary also increases.This is a positive correlation.Explain why this correlation does not show causation but does allow one to predict either event.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As a child grows in height from...

Question 6

Santarrio is conducting research to determine the colors, shapes, and sounds that newborns prefer.Santarrio's research would be considered __________ research.

Accepted Answer

A)  applied 
B)  basic 
C)  archetypal 
D)  comparative

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic ethical guidelines for psychological researchers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Use deception only when absolutely necessary. 
B)  Maintain confidentiality. 
C)  Provide results and interpretations to participants. 
D)  Minimize the placebo effect.

Question 8

Changes in behavior due to participants' expectations that a drug or other treatment will have some effect is known as the

Accepted Answer

A)  ​anthropomorphic error. 
B)  Barnum effect. 
C)  ​placebo effect. 
D)  extraneous error.

Question 9

An industrial-organizational psychologist is studying video game designers.This psychologist carefully questions game designers about how much stress they experience.These interviews would constitute the first step in the scientific method referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  making observations. 
B)  testing the hypothesis. 
C)  theory building. 
D)  defining the problem.

Question 10

In Lawrence Kohlberg's research regarding how we develop moral values, his participants were primarily male.Later studies on the moral development of women were conducted by Carol Gilligan.Which of the following statements regarding these two studies is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Both studies obtained the same results regarding women's moral development. 
B)  ​Carol Gilligan found that women's moral development was based on justice, while Kohlberg found that women's moral development was based on caring. 
C)  ​Lawrence Kohlberg found that women showed a greater moral maturity than did the men in his study. 
D)  ​Kohlberg's study was an example of gender bias in research because few women were involved in the study, andKohlberg assumed that theories based on men would also apply to women.

Question 11

The researcher stated that in his experiment, "Frustration is described as any interruption of the subject before he or she finishes the timed puzzle." This description is considered to be a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  estimated value. 
B)  theoretical element. 
C)  operational definition. 
D)  hypothesis.

Question 12

In Kohlberg's study of moral development, few women were involved in doing the studies, and Kohlberg assumed that theories based on men also applied to women.Thus,Kohlberg's study was an example of gender __________ in research.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​equity 
B)  ​bias 
C)  ​balancing 
D)  ​proportioning

Question 13

A psychologist discovers that the blood of patients with schizophrenia contains a certain chemical not found in the general population.This means that

Accepted Answer

A)  this chemical causes a person to develop schizophrenia. 
B)  having schizophrenia causes this chemical to form in a person's blood. 
C)  both schizophrenia and the chemical are caused by some unknown third factor, such as the typical diet in mental hospitals. 
D)  the chemical and schizophrenia are related, but no causal relationship has been established.

Question 14

A person who praises his or her dog for its loyalty and devotion to its master is committing a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  deductive-inductive confusion. 
B)  scientific generalization. 
C)  the Barnum effect. 
D)  anthropomorphic error.

Question 15

When newspaper or magazine articles claim the effectiveness of some product or service, it is wise to

Accepted Answer

A)  realize that the authenticity of the report has been thoroughly checked by the media. 
B)  be wary of overly complex explanations. 
C)  remember that truth is often stranger than fiction. 
D)  consider the source of the information.

Question 16

An engineering psychologist helps redesign a car to make it safer and more fuel efficient.The psychologist's work reflects which of psychology's goals?

Accepted Answer

A)  description 
B)  understanding 
C)  prediction 
D)  control

Question 17

When a person remembers or notices only information that backs up his or her expectations and forgets or ignores discrepancies, this person is exhibiting the actor-observer effect.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Changes in subjects' behavior caused by the unintended influence of an experimenter's actions are referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  researcher bias. 
B)  the field experiment effect. 
C)  research participant bias. 
D)  the extraneous effect.

Exam 1: Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science

The formal method used by early psychologists to collect information by training people to use their first-person, subjective ability to directly examine their own thoughts, feelings, or sensations is called

Psychologists often obtain much information by observing the behavior of human and animals in their usual settings.They then use this information to form hypotheses and questions for future research.These psychologists are most likely using which research method?

When a person takes a placebo for pain, the effect is imaginary, since there is no actual reduction in brain activity linked with pain.

Random assignment of subjects to groups in an experiment is used to reduce the effects of

As a child grows in height from infancy to preschool, his or her vocabulary also increases.This is a positive correlation.Explain why this correlation does not show causation but does allow one to predict either event.

Santarrio is conducting research to determine the colors, shapes, and sounds that newborns prefer.Santarrio's research would be considered __________ research.

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic ethical guidelines for psychological researchers?

Changes in behavior due to participants' expectations that a drug or other treatment will have some effect is known as the

An industrial-organizational psychologist is studying video game designers.This psychologist carefully questions game designers about how much stress they experience.These interviews would constitute the first step in the scientific method referred to as

In Lawrence Kohlberg's research regarding how we develop moral values, his participants were primarily male.Later studies on the moral development of women were conducted by Carol Gilligan.Which of the following statements regarding these two studies is TRUE?

The researcher stated that in his experiment, "Frustration is described as any interruption of the subject before he or she finishes the timed puzzle." This description is considered to be a(n)

In Kohlberg's study of moral development, few women were involved in doing the studies, and Kohlberg assumed that theories based on men also applied to women.Thus,Kohlberg's study was an example of gender __________ in research.

A psychologist discovers that the blood of patients with schizophrenia contains a certain chemical not found in the general population.This means that

A person who praises his or her dog for its loyalty and devotion to its master is committing a(n)

When newspaper or magazine articles claim the effectiveness of some product or service, it is wise to

An engineering psychologist helps redesign a car to make it safer and more fuel efficient.The psychologist's work reflects which of psychology's goals?

When a person remembers or notices only information that backs up his or her expectations and forgets or ignores discrepancies, this person is exhibiting the actor-observer effect.

Changes in subjects' behavior caused by the unintended influence of an experimenter's actions are referred to as

Exam 1: Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science

The formal method used by early psychologists to collect information by training people to use their first-person, subjective ability to directly examine their own thoughts, feelings, or sensations​ is called

Psychologists often obtain much information by observing the behavior of human and animals in their usual settings.They then use this information to form hypotheses and questions for future research.These psychologists are most likely using which research method?

When a person takes a placebo for pain, the effect is imaginary, since there is no actual reduction in brain activity linked with pain.

Random assignment of subjects to groups in an experiment is used to reduce the effects of

As a child grows in height from infancy to preschool, his or her vocabulary also increases.This is a positive correlation.Explain why this correlation does not show causation but does allow one to predict either event.

Santarrio is conducting research to determine the colors, shapes, and sounds that newborns prefer.Santarrio's research would be considered __________ research.

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic ethical guidelines for psychological researchers?

Changes in behavior due to participants' expectations that a drug or other treatment will have some effect is known as the

An industrial-organizational psychologist is studying video game designers.This psychologist carefully questions game designers about how much stress they experience.These interviews would constitute the first step in the scientific method referred to as

In Lawrence Kohlberg's research regarding how we develop moral values, his participants were primarily male.Later studies on the moral development of women were conducted by Carol Gilligan.Which of the following statements regarding these two studies is TRUE?

The researcher stated that in his experiment, "Frustration is described as any interruption of the subject before he or she finishes the timed puzzle." This description is considered to be a(n)

In Kohlberg's study of moral development, few women were involved in doing the studies, and Kohlberg assumed that theories based on men also applied to women.Thus,Kohlberg's study was an example of gender __________ in research.

A psychologist discovers that the blood of patients with schizophrenia contains a certain chemical not found in the general population.This means that

A person who praises his or her dog for its loyalty and devotion to its master is committing a(n)

When newspaper or magazine articles claim the effectiveness of some product or service, it is wise to

An engineering psychologist helps redesign a car to make it safer and more fuel efficient.The psychologist's work reflects which of psychology's goals?

When a person remembers or notices only information that backs up his or her expectations and forgets or ignores discrepancies, this person is exhibiting the actor-observer effect.

Changes in subjects' behavior caused by the unintended influence of an experimenter's actions are referred to as

The formal method used by early psychologists to collect information by training people to use their first-person, subjective ability to directly examine their own thoughts, feelings, or sensations is called