Question 1

Curt Hoffman,Ivy Lau,and David Johnson (1986)provided native English-speakers and Chinese-English bilinguals with descriptions of people who fit either an artistic type or a shi gú type.English-speakers filled in gaps in the descriptions with inferences about the artistic type,but not about the shi gú type.In contrast,bilinguals who read the descriptions in English filled in blanks for the artistic type,but not the shi gú type,and bilinguals who read the descriptions in Chinese filled in the blanks for the shi gú type,but not the artistic type.These results suggest that

Accepted Answer

A)  Chinese speakers rely more on nonverbal behaviours than English speakers. 
B)  Westerners are cognitive misers, whereas Easterners are not. 
C)  English speakers rely more on implicit personality theories than do Chinese speakers. 
D)  language and culture shape our implicit personality theories. 
E)  not all cultures use implicit personality theories.

Question 2

From the point of view of Fritz Heider's (1958)"naive" or "common sense" psychology,people are much like _______ in trying to understand others' behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)  amateur scientists 
B)  computers 
C)  social psychologists 
D)  physicists 
E)  cognitive misers

Question 3

After watching a television report about people who pay too much for their cars when they are subjected to "high pressure" sales tactics,you conclude that those people are particularly weak and gullible.According to the text,your conclusion is an example of all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  the correspondence bias. 
B)  a dispositional attribution. 
C)  an internal attribution. 
D)  a situational attribution. 
E)  the fundamental attribution error.

Question 4

One reason that people make the fundamental attribution error is that they

Accepted Answer

A)  use the anchoring/adjustment heuristic, whereas observers use the availability heuristic. 
B)  do not have access to any situational information. 
C)  are more biased than objective observers. 
D)  have more distinctiveness and consistency information than observers. 
E)  have more consensus information than observers.

Question 5

Professor Axelrod is interested in how others interpret the appearance and behaviours of attractive versus unattractive people.Professor Axelrod is most likely to be interested in

Accepted Answer

A)  personality theory. 
B)  attribution theory. 
C)  lie detection. 
D)  social encoding. 
E)  social perception.

Question 6

Ben's first impression of Juan is that Juan is kind and friendly.Ben decides that Juan must also be smart and compassionate.Ben's assumption is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  the distinctiveness effect. 
B)  an implicit personality theory. 
C)  the self-serving bias. 
D)  a defensive attribution. 
E)  belief in a just world.

Question 7

Even when participants in an experiment,conducted by E.E.Jones and Victor Harris (1967),were told that people were assigned to write an essay sympathetic to Cuba's Fidel Castro,they still were willing to assume that the essay reflected the writer's true "pro-Castro" attitudes.These findings illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  the covariation effect. 
B)  the power of distinctiveness information. 
C)  the fundamental attribution error. 
D)  judgmental heuristics. 
E)  the power of consistency information.

Question 8

A number of researchers have found that participants from Asian cultures are less likely than participants from Western cultures to commit the fundamental attribution error and make self-serving attributions.These findings suggest that

Accepted Answer

A)  values can influence attribution processes. 
B)  experimental stimuli were poorly translated. 
C)  Western cultures are more advanced than Eastern cultures. 
D)  Eastern cultures are more advanced than Western cultures. 
E)  it is relatively easy to teach people to reason more logically.

Question 9

An implicit personality theory is a type of

Accepted Answer

A)  cultural role. 
B)  category. 
C)  schema. 
D)  gender role. 
E)  stereotype.

Question 10

During the Cold War,American students told that an American ice-breaker had saved a group of trapped whales attributed the crew's behaviour to positive motives.Students told that a Soviet ice-breaker had saved the whales made negative attributions,such as,"they saved the whales so that they could slaughter them and eat them later." According to your text,the motives behind this kind of attributional bias also account for the finding that

Accepted Answer

A)  Hindus living in India were more likely than Americans living in the United States to make situational explanations for their friends' behaviour. 
B)  Canadian students said that they were less likely to get AIDS than the average student, but Japanese students said that bad things were more likely to happen to them than to the average student. 
C)  athletes and coaches often attribute successes to their own behaviour and losses to external factors. 
D)  American students assumed the author of a pro-Castro essay really had pro-Castro attitudes, even when told that the author had no choice about what position to take in the essay. 
E)  Americans students believe they are less likely to achieve higher grades than their peers, but Canadian students believe they are more likely to achieve higher grades than their peers.

Question 11

_______ refers to a facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion and another part of the face registers a different emotion.

Accepted Answer

A)  Dissembling 
B)  Nonverbal fracture 
C)  Deception 
D)  Affect blend 
E)  Ambivalence display

Question 12

The text presents a study by Masuda and his colleagues (2008)that compared how participants perceived a central character when the surrounding characters in a picture either matched or did not match the central character's facial expression.Which group of participants spent more time looking at people in the periphery?

Accepted Answer

A)  people from a Western culture 
B)  people from an Eastern culture 
C)  people from a European culture 
D)  women more than men 
E)  men more than women

Question 13

In a study by Lassiter and his colleagues (2007),judges and police officers viewed tapes of interrogations and were asked to evaluate the extent of 'voluntariness' of a confession.The focus of these tapes was varied.In which condition were judges and police officers most likely to show the correspondence bias in their evaluations?

Accepted Answer

A)  when the tape showed only the detective 
B)  when the tape showed only the suspect 
C)  when the tape showed both the detective and suspect 
D)  when the tape only had sound 
E)  when the tape showed only the interrogation room, not the detective or the suspect

Question 14

Gagné and colleagues (2008)asked subjects to rate the extent to which a positive evaluation about themselves from an attractive opposite-sex person reflected that person's true opinion.The researchers also varied whether the positive evaluation was constrained (compelled by the researchers)or unconstrained (not influenced by the researchers).Which subjects took account of constraint in making their ratings?

Accepted Answer

A)  subjects who were currently in a dating relationship 
B)  subjects who disliked the attractive person 
C)  subjects who had low self-esteem 
D)  subjects who had low self-esteem and were currently in a dating relationship 
E)  subjects who had high self-esteem and were currently in a dating relationship

Question 15

Consider the following headline: "Evil Empire Masses Troops on Border." In which of the following newspapers would you be most likely to encounter such a headline?

Accepted Answer

A)  The Toronto Star 
B)  The Hong Kong Press 
C)  The Beijing Tattler 
D)  The Bombay Observer 
E)  The Calcutta Courier

Question 16

According to Kelley's covariation model,when consistency is low,people make

Accepted Answer

A)  situational attributions. 
B)  external attributions as long as consensus is high. 
C)  internal attributions as long as distinctiveness is low. 
D)  personal attributions as long as distinctiveness is low. 
E)  internal attributions.

Question 17

The fundamental attribution error is due in part to

Accepted Answer

A)  heuristic cues. 
B)  perceptual salience. 
C)  schematic interference. 
D)  the false consensus effect. 
E)  gender.

Question 18

Although Westerners have an expression for a bohemian or artistic type,the Chinese do not.This suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  contents of implicit personality theories are culture-specific. 
B)  the Chinese are more likely to fall prey to the fundamental attribution error. 
C)  the Chinese have no concepts for "creative," "temperamental," or "unconventional." 
D)  the Cultural Revolution discouraged pursuit of the arts in China. 
E)  Westerners are more likely than those in the East to fill in the blanks when forming impressions of others.

Question 19

Research by Fincham and colleagues has found that couples who are happy in their marriages make very different attributions for their partners' behaviours than couples who are unhappy.Specifically,couples in happy marriages make ________,while couples in unhappy marriages make ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  external attributions for their partners' behaviour; internal attributions for their partners' behaviour. 
B)  internal attributions for their partners' behaviour; external attributions for their partners' behaviour. 
C)  external attributions for negative behaviour and internal attributions for positive behaviour; internal attributions for negative behaviour and external for positive. 
D)  internal attributions for negative behaviour and external attributions for positive behaviour; external attributions for negative behaviour and internal for positive. 
E)  internal attributions for negative behaviour and internal attributions for positive behaviour; external attributions for negative behaviour and external for positive.

Question 20

Why do the authors of your text refer to the actor/observer difference as an interesting twist on the fundamental attribution error?

Accepted Answer

A)  Observers who see the world through actors' eyes are susceptible to the fundamental attribution error. 
B)  When we take the perspective of actors, we are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error. 
C)  Our perspectives as actors versus observers influence the extent to which we commit the fundamental attribution error. 
D)  Actors, are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error in explaining their failures than observers are. 
E)  Both actors and observers are equally likely to commit the fundamental attribution error.

Exam 4: Social Perception

From the point of view of Fritz Heider's (1958) "naive" or "common sense" psychology,people are much like _______ in trying to understand others' behaviour.