Question 1

What are schemas and why are they often adaptive?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are schemas and why are they...

Question 2

Counterfactual thinking is

Accepted Answer

A)  unrealistic. 
B)  conscious and effortful. 
C)  voluntary and intentional. 
D)  realistic. 
E)  unconscious.

Question 3

Marius doesn't often experience the overconfidence barrier because he

Accepted Answer

A)  is a physician. 
B)  has taken two courses in research design and statistics that focused on application of course material. 
C)  is a law school student. 
D)  has been a victim of discrimination. 
E)  is an older person.

Question 4

According to the authors,two ways that traits about others can become accessible are

Accepted Answer

A)  automatic activity and past experience. 
B)  priming and attitude retrieval. 
C)  past experience and priming. 
D)  attitude retrieval and automatic activity.

Question 5

Based on the 2010 study by Callan and colleagues,which of the following responses would be expected if you had been subliminally primed with a legal term (such as "judge" or "lawyer")?

Accepted Answer

A)  You would be more likely to worry about expenses. 
B)  You would show more opposition to government policies that were unfavourable to you. 
C)  You would show less competitiveness in games. 
D)  You would be more likely to interpret an ambiguous scenario as having cooperative qualities. 
E)  You would be more likely to follow the rules of the road when driving.

Question 6

Jana wants to know if people are more likely to judge someone else as being trustworthy if they are told to stand with their arms open wide than if they are standing with their arms crossed.She thinks that this will prime participants' schemas for openness or being closed off such that people primed with openness will be emotionally open to trust others.Jana is studying

Accepted Answer

A)  the representativeness heuristic. 
B)  embodied cognition. 
C)  the availability heuristic. 
D)  holistic and analytic thinking styles. 
E)  controlled social cognition.

Question 7

Your roommate is a case study in faulty and biased social thinking.You've just read Chapter 3,and you notice his inappropriate use of schemas and judgmental heuristics.How might you combat these troublesome tendencies?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your roommate is a case study in...

Question 8

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950)told some students that a guest instructor was warm,and others that the same guest instructor was cold.Assume that the instructor behaved in a clearly arrogant way,and that he was rated as immodest,no matter what students were told about him at the outset.These findings suggest that

Accepted Answer

A)  schemas are specific to the situation in which we find ourselves. 
B)  when we dislike someone, we don't give that person the benefit of the doubt. 
C)  when behaviours are decidedly unambiguous, we rely less on our schemas. 
D)  in tense situations, we seldom rely on our schemas. 
E)  schemas are completely malleable.

Question 9

According to research by Dijksterhuis (2004),participants who had to choose among four different apartments in a short period of time made the best choice when

Accepted Answer

A)  the researcher asked the participant to choose immediately the apartment that they thought was the best. 
B)  the researcher asked the participant to think carefully about the apartments for three minutes and then make a choice. 
C)  the researcher asked participants to go with their "gut feeling". 
D)  the researcher asked participants to reach consensus. 
E)  the researcher gave the participants a distracting task for three minutes and then asked them to make a decision.

Question 10

In Chapter 3,the lesson to be learned from accident victim Kevin Chappell's story is that we can automatically categorize objects and faces

Accepted Answer

A)  because of the mere exposure effect. 
B)  which allows us to use our processing capacity for other important things. 
C)  because we are particularly interested in faces and objects. 
D)  because of our strong desire to do so. 
E)  because of cognitive biases that influence our perception.

Question 11

Because a rhino horn looks something like an erect penis,some people believe that crushed rhino horn is an aphrodisiac.A couple decides to try it to spice up their sex life.Their decision is most like

Accepted Answer

A)  the representativeness heuristic. 
B)  the noncommon effects heuristic. 
C)  the correspondence bias. 
D)  the availability heuristic. 
E)  counterfactual thinking.

Question 12

When most people think of the character Captain Kirk from the original Star Trek series,they think of the line,"Beam me up,Scotty!" But that line of dialogue never appeared on the show.This example illustrates that memory is often

Accepted Answer

A)  a product of our schemas. 
B)  influenced by our peers. 
C)  more accurate in thinking about real people than about fictitious characters. 
D)  completely random. 
E)  inconsistent with our schemas.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about schemas is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Schemas affect the information we notice, but only when we are aware of the schema. 
B)  Schemas affect what we perceive while emotional processes are important for determining what we think about and remember. 
C)  Schemas affect what we notice but not necessarily what we remember. 
D)  Schemas affect the information we notice, think about, and remember. 
E)  Schemas affect what we remember while intensity of stimuli determines what we notice.

Question 14

It is _______ to miss a bus by five minutes than to miss it by an hour because _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  more distressing; images of the people waiting for you are more available in memory 
B)  less distressing; you feel good that you almost made it 
C)  more distressing; it's easier to imagine what you might have done to catch the bus 
D)  less distressing; it's easier to imagine what you might have done to catch the bus 
E)  less distressing; you don't have to wait as long for the next bus

Question 15

A particular company employs 100 people; 80 are lawyers; and 20 are engineers.Albert,an employee at the company,is quiet,enjoys puzzles,and carries a calculator.Most people,when asked whether Albert is a lawyer or an engineer,will guess that he is an engineer.People are using the _______ heuristic to make this potentially faulty guess.

Accepted Answer

A)  representativeness 
B)  availability 
C)  anchoring and adjustment 
D)  base rate 
E)  counterfactual

Question 16

Pierre encounters his physics professor working on her laptop computer in a coffee shop.The professor has a stack of physics journals,along with a music CD of a group that Pierre doesn't recognize on the table.Pierre is most likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  assume that the CD is of rap music because that is the kind of music that he likes. 
B)  assume that the CD is of classical music because it is consistent with his schema for physics professors. 
C)  not assume anything about the CD. 
D)  not notice the CD at all because there are too many objects on the table. 
E)  assume that the CD is of rock music because rock music is very popular.

Question 17

Priming and accessibility have greater impact when we interpret a(n)_______ event.

Accepted Answer

A)  explicit 
B)  unusual 
C)  certain 
D)  ambiguous 
E)  improbable

Question 18

In trying to understand new situations for which we do not have schemas,we

Accepted Answer

A)  prefer to come up with brand new schemas to specifically fit the situation. 
B)  tend to avoid the use of heuristics. 
C)  use judgmental heuristics to make decisions quickly and efficiently. 
D)  attempt to apply old schemas, which often lead to faulty decisions. 
E)  exhaustively search our memories for all relevant information in order to ensure the correct decision.

Question 19

Which metaphor best represents the view of people as good,but not infallible,thinkers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social thinkers are cognitive misers. 
B)  Social thinkers are flawed scientists. 
C)  Social thinkers are biased tacticians. 
D)  Social thinkers are accurate statisticians. 
E)  Social thinkers are practical theorists.

Question 20

In distinguishing between availability and accessibility we can say that availability is related to _______ while accessibility is related to _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  stream of consciousness; making judgments quickly and efficiently 
B)  making judgments quickly and efficiently; stream of consciousness 
C)  resemblance to a typical case; making judgments quickly and efficiently 
D)  stream of consciousness; ease of recall 
E)  ease of recall; stream of consciousness

Exam 3: Social Cognition