Question 1

NAGPRA requires the repatriation not only of human skeletal remains, but also of:

Accepted Answer

A)  funerary objects, objects placed with a human body as part of a death rite or ceremony or made to contain human remains at the time of burial. 
B)  sacred objects, specific ceremonial objects necessary for current practice of traditional Native American religions by present-day adherents. 
C)  objects of cultural patrimony, objects that have ongoing historical, traditional, or cultural importance central to a Native-American group or culture and that were inalienable at the time they left the tribe's possession. 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 2

The sanctity of private land in the U.S. means that the commercial mining of terrestrial and underwater sites for artifacts is often completely legal or subject to only a minor penalty.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

According to the National Historic Preservation Act's regulations, an archaeological site is eligible for the National Register if it meets which of the following criteria?

Accepted Answer

A)  Association with people or events important in history or prehistory 
B)  Possession of distinctive characteristics of a school of architecture, construction method, or characteristics of high artistic value 
C)  Known to contain or likely to contain data important in history or prehistory 
D)  Any or all of the answers are correct.

Question 4

The president was given the authority to create national monuments under which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  The National Environmental Policy Act 
B)  The Archaeological Resources Protection Act 
C)  The National Historic Preservation Act 
D)  The Antiquities Act

Question 5

Which of the following is the most common - and often the most difficult - criteria used by archaeologists to establish a site as 'significant' under the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act?

Accepted Answer

A)  Site is associated with an important person in history. 
B)  Site is associated with an important event in history. 
C)  Site is an example of an important class of architecture. 
D)  Site is capable or potentially capable of providing information important to history or prehistory.

Question 6

The Antiquities Act, passed in 1906, set firm penalties for the looting of archaeological sites, even by today's standards; because this law has worked so well to discourage looting, no additional acts have been necessary.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

If sites are located during a survey and are determined eligible for the National Register they might be slated for "data recovery", which means

Accepted Answer

A)  excavations and associated analyses of the artifacts, ecofacts, and sediments. 
B)  excavations sufficient to ensure that information is not lost. 
C)  securing the site and making it off limits to the general public. 
D)  proposing a well-reasoned research question to combat threat to the site from looting or construction activities.

Question 8

The penalty for violating the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) is:

Accepted Answer

A)  up to $500 and/or up to 90 days in prison. 
B)  up to $250,000 and/or up to 5 years in prison; the federal government can also confiscate any equipment used to loot sites, including vehicles. 
C)  no monetary fine, but up to 5 years in prison. 
D)  nonexistent; this is part of the problem with trying to enforce the act.

Question 9

The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 establishes an on-going "National Register of Historic Places" of 'significant' archaeological and historic sites.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Oral traditions are not used to trace shared group identity over time because oral traditions cannot provide valid accounts, even though they use metaphors that add power to stories and make them memorable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The Antiquities Act is the foundation of all future archaeological legislation. It is not limited to archaeological sites, but includes

Accepted Answer

A)  dams to generate electricity, irrigate lands, and control floods that damage archaeological sites. 
B)  all river basins prior to inundation. 
C)  objects of historic or scientific interest. 
D)  museums, universities, and other scientific institutions that deal with antiquities.

Question 12

The courts ruled in the "Kennewick Man" case that the 9400-year-old human skeleton:

Accepted Answer

A)  was most likely a lineal descendant of the Umatilla, and should therefore be repatriated to the tribe for reburial. 
B)  was not Native American as defined under NAGPRA, and that even if he were, he could not be culturally affiliated with any of the tribes who claimed him. 
C)  was culturally affiliated with the Nez Perce, as evidenced by the abundant grave goods buried with the skeleton that are very similar to items made by the Nez Perce today. 
D)  could be culturally affiliated with multiple tribes on the basis of archaeology and oral traditions, and that therefore the tribes would have to decide amongst themselves who would receive the skeleton.

Question 13

Although the Pentagon had promised to protect Iraqi cultural institutions, the Baghdad Museum remained unguarded. An investigation by Colonel Matthew Bogdanos, USMC concluded that

Accepted Answer

A)  the Pentagon was not at fault. 
B)  40 items were stolen from the main galleries, and more than 13,000 items from storage rooms. 
C)  no attempts would be made to recover the artifacts. 
D)  the items probably never left Iraq.

Question 14

What drives the continuation of the antiquities trade?

Accepted Answer

A)  Wealthy collectors willing to pay high prices who create a market. 
B)  The native populations of poor countries who loot archaeological sites to feed their families. 
C)  Museums that are willing to accept artifacts without proper documentation of how they were acquired. 
D)  Unscrupulous archaeologists who secretly pocket any rare or otherwise valuable items during an excavation.

Question 15

CRM survey projects differ from research survey projects in that:

Accepted Answer

A)  more volunteers and students are usually present on CRM survey projects, and so these projects tend to move more slowly than research survey projects. 
B)  in CRM, the research question determines the survey area. 
C)  in CRM, the size and nature of the development project largely determines the survey area. 
D)  if sites are located on CRM survey projects, investigators do not need to determine their significance.

Question 16

While private CRM firms carry out most of the compliance projects, who pays for the projects?

Accepted Answer

A)  The public through federal tax dollars 
B)  Concerned citizens who are interested in the welfare of properties 
C)  University research funding 
D)  Whoever is doing the construction

Question 17

Which of the following actions is not required under NAGPRA for institutions receiving federal funding?

Accepted Answer

A)  Institutions must inventory burials/grave goods and objects of cultural patrimony. 
B)  Institutions must consult with appropriate Native American tribes determined to be "culturally affiliated" with the remains and objects regarding their repatriation. 
C)  Institutions must pay the tribe affiliated with burials/grave goods possessed by the institution. 
D)  Institutions must agree to repatriate materials if requested.

Question 18

In the 1960's the American public became concerned about resource conservation. According to the text, many who recognized that wilderness and wildlife refuges alone could not stem the effects of pollution were aroused by

Accepted Answer

A)  the war in Vietnam. 
B)  habitat threats to the whooping crane. 
C)  increasing corruption among SHPO officials. 
D)  Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring.

Question 19

The majority of field archaeologists are currently employed in educational institutions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

The U.S. passed laws such as the 1983 Cultural Property Implementation Act and signed treaties with several countries that specifically prohibit the importing of artifacts without established "pedigrees.' Some of these "grandfather in" artifacts excavated before the treaty's date. This means that

Accepted Answer

A)  there is no longer control over the artifact trade networks and illegal transfer of artifacts across national boundaries. 
B)  an importer cannot be held responsible for artifacts that they did not know were illegal. 
C)  an importer must now prove that artifacts were excavated prior to the treaty's date or were otherwise obtained in ways not prohibited by the treaty. 
D)  it will become easier and easier for someone to import illegally acquired artifacts.

Exam 15: Caring For Our Cultural Heritage

NAGPRA requires the repatriation not only of human skeletal remains, but also of:

The sanctity of private land in the U.S. means that the commercial mining of terrestrial and underwater sites for artifacts is often completely legal or subject to only a minor penalty.

According to the National Historic Preservation Act's regulations, an archaeological site is eligible for the National Register if it meets which of the following criteria?

The president was given the authority to create national monuments under which of the following?

Which of the following is the most common - and often the most difficult - criteria used by archaeologists to establish a site as 'significant' under the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act?

The Antiquities Act, passed in 1906, set firm penalties for the looting of archaeological sites, even by today's standards; because this law has worked so well to discourage looting, no additional acts have been necessary.

If sites are located during a survey and are determined eligible for the National Register they might be slated for "data recovery", which means

The penalty for violating the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) is:

The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 establishes an on-going "National Register of Historic Places" of 'significant' archaeological and historic sites.

Oral traditions are not used to trace shared group identity over time because oral traditions cannot provide valid accounts, even though they use metaphors that add power to stories and make them memorable.

The Antiquities Act is the foundation of all future archaeological legislation. It is not limited to archaeological sites, but includes

The courts ruled in the "Kennewick Man" case that the 9400-year-old human skeleton:

Although the Pentagon had promised to protect Iraqi cultural institutions, the Baghdad Museum remained unguarded. An investigation by Colonel Matthew Bogdanos, USMC concluded that

What drives the continuation of the antiquities trade?

CRM survey projects differ from research survey projects in that:

While private CRM firms carry out most of the compliance projects, who pays for the projects?

Which of the following actions is not required under NAGPRA for institutions receiving federal funding?

In the 1960's the American public became concerned about resource conservation. According to the text, many who recognized that wilderness and wildlife refuges alone could not stem the effects of pollution were aroused by

The majority of field archaeologists are currently employed in educational institutions.

The U.S. passed laws such as the 1983 Cultural Property Implementation Act and signed treaties with several countries that specifically prohibit the importing of artifacts without established "pedigrees.' Some of these "grandfather in" artifacts excavated before the treaty's date. This means that