Question 1

Maritza's parents want her to become a doctor,but she would like to be an artist.Which approach to personality would suggest that Maritza's personal growth is associated with
Following her dream of becoming an artist?

Accepted Answer

A)   social cognitive
B)   trait
C)   psychodynamic
D)   humanistic D

Question 2

Little Elijah is full of energy and never sits still.He loves playing with his friends and going on adventures.Luckily,he rarely gets frightened and never cries when he is exploring with friends.
A) Describe the three aspects of temperament.
B) Decide whether Elijah is high or low on each aspect of temperament.
C) What are some long-term implications of temperament?

Accepted Answer

A) The three aspects of temperament are (1) activity level: the overall amount of energy and behavior we exhibit;(2) emotionality: the intensity of emotional reactions;and (3) sociability: the general tendency to affiliate with others.
B) Elijah would be considered high in activity level,low on emotionality,and high on sociability.
C) Early temperament appears to influence behavior and personality significantly throughout a person's development.Studies show that those who were classified as well adjusted at three years old were less likely at age 21 to abuse alcohol or show antisocial disorders than children whose temperaments were classified as undercontrolled at age three.Additionally,inhibited children were much more likely,as adults,to be anxious,become depressed,be unemployed,have less social support,and attempt suicide.Research has also shown that children as young as six weeks old who show behavior and reactions such as being easily startled are likely to be shy.

Question 3

A) Describe the humanistic approach to personality.
B) How can parents use this approach with their children?

Accepted Answer

A) The humanistic approach to personality is based on our tendency to fulfill our potential through personal growth.It emphasizes the unique goodness in a person,his or her own growth,and self-understanding,which all influence personality through self-actualization.
B) Parents can use this approach in how they show affection for their children and by influencing personality development.Rogers believed that most parents provide love and support that is conditional.That is,the parents love their children on the condition that the children do what the parents want them to do and live up to the parents' standards.This condition creates a discrepancy between a child's self and how his or her parents evaluate him or her.In turn,this discrepancy leads to development of a personality based on conditions of worth.Parents who do not approve of their children's behavior may withhold their love.As a result,children quickly abandon their true feelings,dreams,and desires.They accept only those parts of themselves that elicit parental love and support.Thus,people lose touch with their true selves in their pursuit of getting approval from others.To prevent conditions of worth,Rogers encouraged parents to accept and prize their children no matter how the children behave or how close they come to meeting parents' expectations.This approach allows for consistency between a child's self and how his or her parents evaluate him or her.Such consistency leads to development of a personality based on unconditional positive regard.

Question 4

Dhara was recently in a car accident.Her doctor told her that she has brain damage only to her frontal lobe.What is one way this damage might affect Dhara?

Accepted Answer

A)   She will not experience fear.
B)   She will be less self-aware.
C)   She will have memory loss.
D)   She will not recognize others.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a finding from research on the better-than-average effect?

Accepted Answer

A)   People are unrealistically optimistic about their futures.
B)   People overestimate their control over events.
C)   People overestimate other people's abilities.
D)   People overestimate their abilities.

Question 6

After performing poorly at the track meet,Troy said that he just does not have as much natural athletic ability as the other runner.Troy explains his performances at the track meet
Based on a

Accepted Answer

A)   self-serving bias.
B)   downward comparison.
C)   temporal comparison.
D)   upward comparison.

Question 7

According to research on gender differences in personality,women tend to be ________ than men.

Accepted Answer

A)   more conscientious
B)   more agreeable
C)   less agreeable
D)   less conscientious

Question 8

Children raised with an emphasis on self-expression and diversity are more likely to be from a(n) ________ culture.

Accepted Answer

A)   individualistic
B)   independent
C)   collectivist
D)   cohesive

Question 9

Katie is very particular.She likes her apartment to be overly organized and things have to be done correctly or she gets upset.According to psychodynamic theory,Katie is
Most likely fixated at the ________ phase of psychosexual development.

Accepted Answer

A)   oral
B)   anal
C)   phallic
D)   genital

Question 10

Your teacher asks you what you did on your last vacation.After thinking about it for a moment,you tell her that last summer you went to Europe.According to Freud,in order to
Answer your teacher's question,you had to pull information from your ________ level of
Awareness.

Accepted Answer

A)   unconscious
B)   nonconscious
C)   conscious
D)   preconscious

Question 11

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the finding that age-related changes in personality are similar across cultures?

Accepted Answer

A)   These changes are not entirely a function of the environment.
B)   All cultures have similar stereotyping related to aging.
C)   These changes are mainly due to differences in environment.
D)   Every culture has a different stereotyping related to aging.

Question 12

Regardless of the environment she is in,six-year-old Trisha always seems to be moving. She never sits still for long and prefers to run around instead of watching TV or playing
On the computer.In what aspect of temperament does Trisha seems to be high?

Accepted Answer

A)   activity level
B)   sociability
C)   interpersonal
D)   emotionality

Question 13

Silas thinks that a personality is made up of characteristics that can be described on a dimension from low to high.Silas most likely agrees with the ________ approach
To personality.

Accepted Answer

A)   psychodynamic
B)   social cognitive
C)   humanistic
D)   trait

Question 14

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is an example of a(n) ________ measure of personality.

Accepted Answer

A)   projective
B)   electronic recording
C)   self-report
D)   observational

Question 15

As identical twins get older,their personalities

Accepted Answer

A)   become more different.
B)   become more similar.
C)   are as similar as they were growing up.
D)   change depending on situational influences.

Question 16

Samantha fills out a questionnaire to assess her personality where she answers questions about her own behaviors and characteristics.Samantha is using a(n) ________ measure
Of personality.

Accepted Answer

A)   observational
B)   projective
C)   subjective
D)   self-report

Question 17

Sam does not try hard at work,because he believes that promotions are completely random and that he has no control over whether he will get promoted.According to expectancy
Theory,Sam most likely has a(n) ________ locus of control.

Accepted Answer

A)   internal
B)   external
C)   situational
D)   dispositional

Question 18

Josh is not worried that his newborn baby seems easily frightened.He tells his wife, "Our baby's personality will develop later,as a pattern of learned thinking." Josh believes in
The ________ approach to personality.

Accepted Answer

A)   psychodynamic
B)   trait
C)   humanistic
D)   social cognitive

Question 19

Whenever they have recess,Marin ignores the other kids in his class.He would rather play with toys by himself.Researchers would say that Marin is low on the ________ aspect
Of temperament.

Accepted Answer

A)   activity level
B)   sociability
C)   interpersonal
D)   emotionality

Question 20

Ahmed has high self-esteem and is happy with his life.Based on this information,which of the following predictions can you make?

Accepted Answer

A)   He has a high level of achievement in many areas of his life.
B)   He has a moderate level of achievement in many areas of his life.
C)   He has a low level of achievement in many areas of his life.
D)   You can predict very little about his achievement in many areas of his life.

Exam 13: Self and Personality

Maritza's parents want her to become a doctor,but she would like to be an artist.Which approach to personality would suggest that Maritza's personal growth is associated with Following her dream of becoming an artist?

A) Describe the humanistic approach to personality. B) How can parents use this approach with their children?

Dhara was recently in a car accident.Her doctor told her that she has brain damage only to her frontal lobe.What is one way this damage might affect Dhara?

Which of the following is NOT a finding from research on the better-than-average effect?

After performing poorly at the track meet,Troy said that he just does not have as much natural athletic ability as the other runner.Troy explains his performances at the track meet Based on a

According to research on gender differences in personality,women tend to be ________ than men.

Children raised with an emphasis on self-expression and diversity are more likely to be from a(n) ________ culture.

Katie is very particular.She likes her apartment to be overly organized and things have to be done correctly or she gets upset.According to psychodynamic theory,Katie is Most likely fixated at the ________ phase of psychosexual development.

Your teacher asks you what you did on your last vacation.After thinking about it for a moment,you tell her that last summer you went to Europe.According to Freud,in order to Answer your teacher's question,you had to pull information from your ________ level of Awareness.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the finding that age-related changes in personality are similar across cultures?

Regardless of the environment she is in,six-year-old Trisha always seems to be moving. She never sits still for long and prefers to run around instead of watching TV or playing On the computer.In what aspect of temperament does Trisha seems to be high?

Silas thinks that a personality is made up of characteristics that can be described on a dimension from low to high.Silas most likely agrees with the ________ approach To personality.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is an example of a(n) ________ measure of personality.

As identical twins get older,their personalities

Samantha fills out a questionnaire to assess her personality where she answers questions about her own behaviors and characteristics.Samantha is using a(n) ________ measure Of personality.

Sam does not try hard at work,because he believes that promotions are completely random and that he has no control over whether he will get promoted.According to expectancy Theory,Sam most likely has a(n) ________ locus of control.

Josh is not worried that his newborn baby seems easily frightened.He tells his wife, "Our baby's personality will develop later,as a pattern of learned thinking." Josh believes in The ________ approach to personality.

Whenever they have recess,Marin ignores the other kids in his class.He would rather play with toys by himself.Researchers would say that Marin is low on the ________ aspect Of temperament.

Ahmed has high self-esteem and is happy with his life.Based on this information,which of the following predictions can you make?