Question 1

Shawn's daughter Violet has just started to crawl.Shawn is worried that Violet will start to play with the electrical outlet plugs.
A) Define classical conditioning.
B) Describe how Shawn might use classical conditioning to make Violet afraid of touching the electrical outlets.Be specific and include a description of each of the four steps of conditioning for this particular situation.

Accepted Answer

A) Classical conditioning is a type of learned response in which a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces an innate (unlearned) response.
B) Answers will vary but should include correct identification of the US (stimulus that elicits a response that is innate),UR (a response that does not have to be learned,such as a reflex),CS (a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place),NS (a stimulus that is not associated with the UR),and CR (a response to a conditioned stimulus,a learned response) as well as the correct order of steps of CC.One example is US = banging on a pan,UR = shock/fear/crying,NS/CS = electrical outlet plugs,and CR = shock/fear/crying.Steps: (1) banging on a pan (US) startles and frightens Violet,causing her to cry (UR);(2) touching the electrical outlet plugs does not cause Violet to cry (NS);(3) each time Violet reaches for or touches the electrical outlet plugs (NS),Shawn will bang loudly on a pan (US);and (4) after a period of time,Violet will associate the outlet plugs with fear (CS) and will cry upon sight of the outlet (CR).

Question 2

Mario believes that his son is learning to be aggressive because he plays violent video games. In what way could observational learning explain the connection Mario sees between media
And his son's behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)   Children are rewarded for playing violent video games,which increases their level of aggression.
B)   Violent video games reinforce children's biological tendency toward aggression.
C)   Children who watch violence in video games tend to show more aggressive thoughts and actions.
D)   Exposure to violence in video games changes the levels of neurotransmitters in children's brains and thus makes them more likely to act violently. C

Question 3

Ben's father,Sean,is very authoritative.He often puts Ben in a time-out for fighting with his sister,takes away his favorite toy when he stays up past his bedtime,and restricts his daily TV time if he does not get good grades.Ben's mother,Tanya,is friendly and supportive.She frequently takes Ben for ice cream when he does well on his homework assignments,praises him when he comes home from tennis practice,and gives him a weekly allowance if he completes his chores.
A) Write a definition of operant conditioning.
B) Are Sean and Tanya using reinforcement or punishment? Be specific in explaining your answer.How do you know which one each parent is using?
C) Give one example of how Sean could use the Premack principle to get Ben to go to bed on time.

Accepted Answer

A) Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the consequences of a behavior determine whether it will be performed again in the future.
B) Sean is using punishment (aimed at decreasing the likelihood of Ben's behaviors) and Tanya is using reinforcement (aimed at increasing the likelihood of Ben's behaviors).
C) The Premack principle suggests that a more valued activity can be used to reinforce a less valued activity.Examples will vary.One possibility is if Ben does not like (or "value") going to bed,then he could be reinforced with something he likes better.For example,for each night that he goes to bed on time,he can choose the radio station for the ride to school the next morning,he can have 15 extra minutes of story time before bed the next night,or he can take a special toy to school with him.

Question 4

Samuel always receives a painful shock when he turns on the lamp in his study.After a while, Samuel refuses to touch the switch on the lamp.The lamp switch was a(n) ________
Stimulus that elicited a(n) ________ response after a period of time.

Accepted Answer

A)   unconditioned;unconditioned
B)   neutral;conditioned
C)   unconditioned;conditioned
D)   neutral;unconditioned

Question 5

A) Describe non-associative learning and associative learning.
B) Name and explain one type of non-associative learning.
C) Explain how non-associative learning is helpful because it allows people to adapt to their environments.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A) Describe non-associative learning and associative learning.
B)...

Question 6

Reynold believes that reinforcement affects the performance of a behavior more than the acquisition of knowledge.Reynold's belief is consistent with the ideas of the cognitive theorist

Accepted Answer

A)   Edward Thorndike.
B)   John Watson.
C)   Edward Tolman.
D)   Alfred Bandura.

Question 7

If Carlos wants to use classical conditioning so his three-year-old sister learns to be afraid of dogs,he should

Accepted Answer

A)   shove her to the ground every day whether she pets a dog or not.
B)   blow an air horn to make her afraid every time she pets their own dog.
C)   pretend to be afraid of dogs himself.
D)   give her a piece of candy every time she is afraid to go near a dog.

Question 8

Ellie hates it when her teenagers leave their dirty clothes on the floor.If Ellie decides to use the Premack principle to help her teens change their behavior,she should ________ to
Reward them for doing a less valued activity.

Accepted Answer

A)   give a primary reinforcer
B)   give a secondary reinforcer
C)   use shaping
D)   promise them a more valued activity

Question 9

Sasha finds it funny that when she makes a silly face,her infant daughter,Penelope,tries to make the same silly face.As a psychologist who studies learning,Sasha knows that when
Penelope observes Sasha's face,Penelope's ________ is/are active.

Accepted Answer

A)   long-term potentiation system
B)   mirror neurons
C)   memes
D)   primary reinforcers

Question 10

Claire wants to write a paper about how often animals use observational learning.Which of the following should Claire NOT include as evidence to support her point that animals use
Observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A)   A rat learns to run through a maze quickly to get the food at the end of the maze.
B)   A lab-raised monkey sees a wild monkey's reaction to a snake and then becomes fearful of snakes.
C)   A puppy learns to get to the food kept in the pantry after watching his mother open the door.
D)   A cheetah injures rather than kills her prey in order to teach her cubs how to hunt.

Question 11

You want to teach your dog to stop scratching at the door when he wants to go out.You do so by swatting his nose with a newspaper each time he scratches the door.By creating
Consequences for your dog's behavior,you have used ________ to train him.

Accepted Answer

A)   operant conditioning
B)   classical conditioning
C)   modeling
D)   the Premack principle

Question 12

Miranda is learning how to play tennis.She has a unique way of hitting a backhand shot,but after a lesson with a professional instructor,Miranda changes her backhand technique to
Imitate the instructor's method of

Accepted Answer

A)   vicarious conditioning.
B)   latent learning.
C)   modeling.
D)   continuous reinforcement.

Question 13

Professor McCready wants to study animal learning by putting birds in a cage where they have to figure out how to peck a button to receive food.Professor McCready is using
________ to modify animal behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   punishment
B)   shaping
C)   a Skinner box
D)   the Premack principle

Question 14

Danielle is a mean preschool teacher and wants to teach her students to fear the school principal,who comes to check on their classroom at the same time every day.She attempts to use classical conditioning by turning off the classroom lights (US) immediately before the principal comes in (NS).The resulting darkness causes the children to be naturally fearful (UR).After a few weeks of trying this,Danielle is disappointed that the children do not seem to be developing a fear of the principal.
A) Using your knowledge of the four steps of classical conditioning,explain why Danielle has not been able to create a fear response in her students.Be sure to include the US,UR,CS,and CR in your answer.
B) Assuming that Danielle is able to use classical conditioning correctly,explain one other factor that might influence how well the children learn this association.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Danielle is a mean preschool teacher and...

Question 15

When using positive punishment as a means of discipline,the word positive indicates

Accepted Answer

A)   a reinforcer is present.
B)   something bad happens.
C)   something is being added.
D)   something good happens.

Question 16

Samantha tells her roommate that negative reinforcement and negative punishment are similar because they

Accepted Answer

A)   remove a stimulus.
B)   decrease behavior.
C)   add a stimulus.
D)   increase behavior.

Question 17

Tripp is serving a 10-year prison sentence when he is informed by his parole board that he is getting out of jail early for good behavior.If the early release has the effect of increasing
Tripp's good behavior in the future,then decrease of time in prison is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcement.
B)   negative reinforcement.
C)   positive punishment.
D)   negative punishment.

Question 18

William is an observant teenager who encounters many different types of people as he goes about his day.Which of the following people is William LEAST likely to model?

Accepted Answer

A)   Ms.Simone,the pretty teacher who instructs William in several of his classes
B)   Nadir,his best friend who likes all the same foods and movies as William
C)   Ramone,the track star who is one of the most popular kids in the class
D)   Mr.Schafer,the bus driver who is very talkative to the students he drives

Question 19

Lenny needs to quickly train his cows to use one specific field when they graze.The reinforcement that will allow the cows to learn most quickly is ________ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)   partial
B)   interval
C)   continuous
D)   fixed

Question 20

Every Saturday,Vaughn watches a TV show featuring a chef making new recipes.The chef always throws a pinch of salt over his shoulder when seasoning the dishes.Now,whenever
Vaughn cooks,he also throws salt over his shoulder.This modification of Vaughn's behavior
Is due to

Accepted Answer

A)   shaping.
B)   reinforcement.
C)   vicarious conditioning.
D)   observational learning.

Exam 6: Learning

Mario believes that his son is learning to be aggressive because he plays violent video games. In what way could observational learning explain the connection Mario sees between media And his son's behavior?

Samuel always receives a painful shock when he turns on the lamp in his study.After a while, Samuel refuses to touch the switch on the lamp.The lamp switch was a(n) Stimulus that elicited a(n) response after a period of time.

A) Describe non-associative learning and associative learning. B) Name and explain one type of non-associative learning. C) Explain how non-associative learning is helpful because it allows people to adapt to their environments.

Reynold believes that reinforcement affects the performance of a behavior more than the acquisition of knowledge.Reynold's belief is consistent with the ideas of the cognitive theorist

If Carlos wants to use classical conditioning so his three-year-old sister learns to be afraid of dogs,he should

Ellie hates it when her teenagers leave their dirty clothes on the floor.If Ellie decides to use the Premack principle to help her teens change their behavior,she should ________ to Reward them for doing a less valued activity.

Sasha finds it funny that when she makes a silly face,her infant daughter,Penelope,tries to make the same silly face.As a psychologist who studies learning,Sasha knows that when Penelope observes Sasha's face,Penelope's ________ is/are active.

Claire wants to write a paper about how often animals use observational learning.Which of the following should Claire NOT include as evidence to support her point that animals use Observational learning?

You want to teach your dog to stop scratching at the door when he wants to go out.You do so by swatting his nose with a newspaper each time he scratches the door.By creating Consequences for your dog's behavior,you have used ________ to train him.

Miranda is learning how to play tennis.She has a unique way of hitting a backhand shot,but after a lesson with a professional instructor,Miranda changes her backhand technique to Imitate the instructor's method of

Professor McCready wants to study animal learning by putting birds in a cage where they have to figure out how to peck a button to receive food.Professor McCready is using ________ to modify animal behavior.

When using positive punishment as a means of discipline,the word positive indicates

Samantha tells her roommate that negative reinforcement and negative punishment are similar because they

Tripp is serving a 10-year prison sentence when he is informed by his parole board that he is getting out of jail early for good behavior.If the early release has the effect of increasing Tripp's good behavior in the future,then decrease of time in prison is an example of

William is an observant teenager who encounters many different types of people as he goes about his day.Which of the following people is William LEAST likely to model?

Lenny needs to quickly train his cows to use one specific field when they graze.The reinforcement that will allow the cows to learn most quickly is ________ reinforcement.

Every Saturday,Vaughn watches a TV show featuring a chef making new recipes.The chef always throws a pinch of salt over his shoulder when seasoning the dishes.Now,whenever Vaughn cooks,he also throws salt over his shoulder.This modification of Vaughn's behavior Is due to

Exam 6: Learning

Mario believes that his son is learning to be aggressive because he plays violent video games. In what way could observational learning explain the connection Mario sees between media And his son's behavior?

Samuel always receives a painful shock when he turns on the lamp in his study.After a while, Samuel refuses to touch the switch on the lamp.The lamp switch was a(n) ________ Stimulus that elicited a(n) ________ response after a period of time.

A) Describe non-associative learning and associative learning. B) Name and explain one type of non-associative learning. C) Explain how non-associative learning is helpful because it allows people to adapt to their environments.

Reynold believes that reinforcement affects the performance of a behavior more than the acquisition of knowledge.Reynold's belief is consistent with the ideas of the cognitive theorist

If Carlos wants to use classical conditioning so his three-year-old sister learns to be afraid of dogs,he should

Ellie hates it when her teenagers leave their dirty clothes on the floor.If Ellie decides to use the Premack principle to help her teens change their behavior,she should ________ to Reward them for doing a less valued activity.

Sasha finds it funny that when she makes a silly face,her infant daughter,Penelope,tries to make the same silly face.As a psychologist who studies learning,Sasha knows that when Penelope observes Sasha's face,Penelope's ________ is/are active.

Claire wants to write a paper about how often animals use observational learning.Which of the following should Claire NOT include as evidence to support her point that animals use Observational learning?

You want to teach your dog to stop scratching at the door when he wants to go out.You do so by swatting his nose with a newspaper each time he scratches the door.By creating Consequences for your dog's behavior,you have used ________ to train him.

Miranda is learning how to play tennis.She has a unique way of hitting a backhand shot,but after a lesson with a professional instructor,Miranda changes her backhand technique to Imitate the instructor's method of

Professor McCready wants to study animal learning by putting birds in a cage where they have to figure out how to peck a button to receive food.Professor McCready is using ________ to modify animal behavior.

When using positive punishment as a means of discipline,the word positive indicates

Samantha tells her roommate that negative reinforcement and negative punishment are similar because they

Tripp is serving a 10-year prison sentence when he is informed by his parole board that he is getting out of jail early for good behavior.If the early release has the effect of increasing Tripp's good behavior in the future,then decrease of time in prison is an example of

William is an observant teenager who encounters many different types of people as he goes about his day.Which of the following people is William LEAST likely to model?

Lenny needs to quickly train his cows to use one specific field when they graze.The reinforcement that will allow the cows to learn most quickly is ________ reinforcement.

Every Saturday,Vaughn watches a TV show featuring a chef making new recipes.The chef always throws a pinch of salt over his shoulder when seasoning the dishes.Now,whenever Vaughn cooks,he also throws salt over his shoulder.This modification of Vaughn's behavior Is due to

Samuel always receives a painful shock when he turns on the lamp in his study.After a while, Samuel refuses to touch the switch on the lamp.The lamp switch was a(n) Stimulus that elicited a(n) response after a period of time.