Question 1

Empirical explorations of Freud's or Erikson's theories are relatively rare, largely because both theories

Accepted Answer

A)  deal with concepts that are extremely complex. 
B)  are so general that specific tests are very difficult. 
C)  are developmental in orientation. 
D)  have overlooked central features of human development. 
E)  are already thoroughly researched.

Question 2

Gene is extremely neat and is constantly cleaning and organizing. Stacy is sloppy and disorganized. Freud would say that both are fixated at what stage?

Accepted Answer

A)  oral 
B)  anal 
C)  phallic 
D)  latency 
E)  genital

Question 3

The stages of personality development suggested by Erikson involving trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and ego integrity are known as __________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of The stages of personality development suggested by...

Question 4

Which of the following are the key dimensions of temperament proposed by Buss and Plomin?

Accepted Answer

A)  activity level, emotionality, neuroticism 
B)  sociability, activity level, emotionality 
C)  emotionality, agreeableness, neuroticism 
D)  sociability, activity level, agreeableness 
E)  conscientiousness, emotionality, agreeableness

Question 5

Regarding the Big Five personality traits, a person who scores high on this trait is characterized by assertiveness, energy, enthusiasm, and outgoingness. This trait is called __________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of Regarding the Big Five personality traits, a...

Question 6

All of the following can positively modify basic physiological/temperamental responses of inhibited children EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  secure attachment. 
B)  responsive parents. 
C)  relaxed mothers. 
D)  oversolicitous mothers. 
E)  sensitive parents.

Question 7

What are the five traits of personality discussed in the Five Factor Trait theory audio recording?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the five traits of personality...

Question 8

Both Piaget and Bandura would agree that the child's self-concept

Accepted Answer

A)  can be changed easily by peer interactions. 
B)  can be modified by the parents but not the peers. 
C)  affects school work but not peer interactions. 
D)  affects how the child performs and reacts to others. 
E)  has little impact on basic attributes.

Question 9

Although Piaget and Bandura agree on the impact that self-concept or self-scheme has once it develops, Piaget emphasizes ________ while Bandura emphasizes ________ as a causal factor.

Accepted Answer

A)  internal processes; reinforcement and modeling 
B)  modeling; external processes 
C)  reinforcement; modeling 
D)  defenses; modeling 
E)  internal processes; accommodation

Question 10

Erikson asserts that a child who has established a sense of basic trust has had

Accepted Answer

A)  a major caregiver who was loving and responded predictably and reliably. 
B)  caregivers who were erratic or harsh in their care of the child during infancy. 
C)  two parents as primary caregivers, at least during the early years of development. 
D)  younger brothers or sisters as primary caregivers. 
E)  indulgent parents and caretakers.

Question 11

Describe in detail the psychodynamic, behavioral, trait-and-type, humanistic, and cognitive approaches to personality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe in detail the psychodynamic, behavioral, trait-and-type,...

Question 12

According to Freud, two-year-old Calvin would be in which stage?

Accepted Answer

A)  oral 
B)  anal 
C)  phallic 
D)  latency 
E)  genital

Question 13

There is an old adage: "Do what I say, not what I do." What do research results tell us about children's responses in a situation in which a parent says one thing but does another?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children will imitate what the parent does. 
B)  Children will imitate what the parent says. 
C)  Children will imitate behavior of the mother but not of the father. 
D)  If the words and the behavior are not consistent, the child will not imitate at all. 
E)  Learning from modeling is automatic.

Question 14

According to research by Susan Crockenberg, the most securely attached children demonstrate __________ , and their mothers have the highest __________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to research by Susan Crockenberg, the...

Question 15

All of the following propositions are part of learning theory EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior is strengthened by reinforcement. 
B)  genetic differences operate via variations in fundamental physiological processes. 
C)  behavior that is reinforced on a partial schedule should be even stronger and more resistant to extinction than behavior that is consistently reinforced. 
D)  children learn new behaviors largely through modeling. 
E)  from reinforcement and modeling, children learn not only overt behavior but also ideas, expectations, internal standards, and self-concepts.

Question 16

All of the following are propositions on which the biological explanation of personality is based EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  each individual is born with genetically determined characteristic patterns of responding to the environment and to other people. 
B)  children learn not only overt behavior but also ideas, expectations, internal standards, and self-concepts from reinforcement and modeling. 
C)  genetic differences operate via variations in fundamental physiological processes. 
D)  temperamental dispositions persist through childhood and into adulthood. 
E)  temperamental characteristics interact with the child's environment in ways that may strengthen or modify basic temperamental patterns.

Question 17

Susan Crockenberg showed that __________ attachment in a child was most likely when the mother had an irritable infant and __________ of support.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Susan Crockenberg showed that __________ attachment in...

Question 18

Research on teens use of social networking sites such as Facebook have shown that teens who use less swear words scored higher on which of the Big Five personality traits?

Accepted Answer

A)  extraversion 
B)  agreeableness 
C)  openness 
D)  conscientiousness 
E)  neuroticism

Question 19

Which stage in Erikson's theory corresponds to Freud's phallic stage?

Accepted Answer

A)  identity vs. role confusion 
B)  industry vs. inferiority 
C)  autonomy vs shame and doubt 
D)  initiative vs. guilt 
E)  trust vs. mistrust

Question 20

The correct sequence of Freud's five psychosexual stages is

Accepted Answer

A)  anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital. 
B)  oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. 
C)  latency, anal, oral, genital, phallic. 
D)  anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic. 
E)  phallic, anal, oral, latency, genital.

Exam 9: Personality Development: Alternative Views