Question 1

Of the following individuals, which was not a figure in the development and advancement of the object-relations approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alfred Adler 
B)  Donald Winnicott 
C)  Heinz Kohut 
D)  Margaret Mahler

Question 2

Jason is an author who works for a variety of publishing companies. One of them recently informed him that they will no longer be using his services, and this creates a financial hardship for family. Jason responds by contacting the other publishers and accepting additional projects to compensate for the lost income. Jason has dealt with this stressor by using a(n)___________ strategy.

Accepted Answer

A)  emotion-focused 
B)  avoidance 
C)  withdrawal 
D)  problem-focused

Question 3

Describe three kinds of parent-child attachment relationships. Contrast with examples of each of the four categories of adult attachment styles. What are the implications for children in each of the three relationships when they are adults?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe three kinds of parent-child attachment relationships....

Question 4

Which of the following appears to happen when a frustrated person is allowed to act aggressively?

Accepted Answer

A)  His or her need to aggress against others is decreased. 
B)  He or she gets more aroused, thus increasing future aggression. 
C)  The tension release reinforces the aggression. 
D)  He or she becomes more inhibited about aggressing against people in the future.

Question 5

A woman is uncomfortable getting close to others and has difficulty trusting potential romantic partners. She probably has which kind of adult attachment style?

Accepted Answer

A)  Secure 
B)  Anxious-ambivalent 
C)  Avoidant 
D)  Dependent

Question 6

Under which circumstances might an emotion-focused strategy be more effective in reducing anxiety than a problem-focused strategy?

Accepted Answer

A)  When the source of the anxiety is likely to last for a long time. 
B)  When the person does not possess the tools to correct the situation. 
C)  When the anxiety level is not particularly high. 
D)  When the person is very emotional.

Question 7

Freud conceived of the concept of neurotic anxiety. Which statement is the most accurate with regard to this sort of anxiety?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is experienced when id impulses are dangerously close to breaking into consciousness. 
B)  It prevents the ego from utilizing defense mechanisms that are urgently needed. 
C)  It is created when id impulses violate society's moral code and the ego cannot counteract these urges. 
D)  People experiencing neurotic anxiety usually are aware of what is making them anxious.

Question 8

A four-category model of adult attachment styles divides people along which two dimensions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fear of abandonment and fear of closeness 
B)  Feelings about one's mother and feelings about one's father 
C)  Fear of closeness and fear of love 
D)  Images of one's self-worth and belief in one's abilities

Question 9

According to research on attachment theory, a mother who is attentive and responsive to her infant is most likely to develop a___________ relationship with the child.

Accepted Answer

A)  secure 
B)  anxious-ambivalent 
C)  avoidant 
D)  dependent

Question 10

Think of a time when you have been under an extreme amount of anxiety (you may make one up if you prefer). Describe how you might have dealt with this anxiety using a problem-focused strategy, an emotion-focused strategy, and an avoidance strategy .Which would have most likely produced the best outcome?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Think of a time when you have...

Question 11

Researchers have identified attachment styles that affect how people relate to romantic partners. According to attachment theory, these adult styles are primarily determined by

Accepted Answer

A)  differences in self-esteem. 
B)  adolescent relationships. 
C)  relationships with parents when the person was an infant. 
D)  inherited temperament.

Question 12

Researchers find that acting aggressively often increases the likelihood of acting aggressively in the future. Researchers have used all of the following concepts except___________ to explain this finding.

Accepted Answer

A)  disinhibition 
B)  cues for aggression 
C)  memories 
D)  catharsis

Question 13

One explanation for why aggression leads to more aggression is that it is reinforced by the cathartic release of tension.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

A woman is frustrated by a person at work. Instead of attacking the coworker who is frustrating her, she yells at her best friend. According to the frustration aggression hypothesis, the woman is

Accepted Answer

A)  not really frustrated. 
B)  more likely to act aggressively after yelling at her friend. 
C)  demonstrating displacement. 
D)  demonstrating projection.

Question 15

An attachment style inventory was completed by couples waiting in an airport, their behavior was then observed until departure. Results from this research showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  avoidant individuals showed signs of stress over flying. 
B)  most secure participants left the waiting area before their partners departed. 
C)  avoidant couples directly expressed anxiety to the researchers. 
D)  secure participants showed signs of closeness to their partner while waiting.

Question 16

According to Freud, a person would be most likely to feel guilty as a result of experiencing ___________anxiety.

Accepted Answer

A)  reality 
B)  neurotic 
C)  moral 
D)  performance

Question 17

Because different coping strategies work under different situations, researchers often call the ability to know when to apply which strategy

Accepted Answer

A)  anxiety-reduction style. 
B)  the avoidance approach. 
C)  copying effectiveness. 
D)  coping flexibility.

Question 18

According to the original frustration aggression hypothesis, what is needed to reduce the likelihood of aggression in a frustrated person?

Accepted Answer

A)  Removal of the frustrating agent 
B)  Reduced awareness of the frustrating agent 
C)  Catharsis 
D)  Repression

Question 19

Participants in one study were either frustrated or not frustrated. They then were given what they thought was an opportunity to administer electric shocks to another person. Sometimes this other person was the one who had frustrated them, and sometimes it was a stranger. The researchers found that

Accepted Answer

A)  frustration increased aggression but only against the person who frustrated the participants. 
B)  frustration increased aggression against both the person who had frustrated the participants and the stranger. 
C)  frustration led to an increase in aggression against the person who had frustrated the participants, but a decrease in aggression against the stranger. 
D)  frustration did not affect aggression levels in this experiment.

Question 20

According to Freud, we all have an instinctive desire to destroy ourselves. This aggressive instinct, which he called___________ , is then directed at others as a defensive reaction by the ego.

Accepted Answer

A)  the shadow 
B)  libido 
C)  thanatos 
D)  catharsis

Exam 6: The Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research