Question 1

The purpose of a baseline measurement is

Accepted Answer

A)  Establish the current level of behavior 
B)  Evaluate the reliability of the measure 
C)  Establish that recording instruments are working properly 
D)  Demonstrate the treatment effect

Question 2

Which of the following areas of psychology is most likely to employ single-subject research?

Accepted Answer

A)  social 
B)  personality 
C)  biopsychology 
D)  sensation

Question 3

Marla conducts a study to gradually teach a poodle to jump through a flaming hoop. At each session, Marla introduces a more stringent set of guidelines before reinforcing the poodle. Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  changing-criterion design 
B)  A-B-A-B design 
C)  multiple-baseline design 
D)  interaction design

Question 4

When naming single-subject designs, an "A" in the title refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  Intervention 
B)  Baseline 
C)  First subject 
D)  Validity

Question 5

I obtained a baseline level of John's cooking behavior of 25% of the meals without praise. I then highly praised his cooking behavior, and it increased to 85% of the meals. Later, I stopped praising his cooking, and his behavior began to drop back to its baseline level. What sort of design was I using?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multiple Baseline 
B)  ABA 
C)  Alternating-treatments 
D)  Reversal Replication

Question 6

Compare and contrast group designs with the single-subject approach. What are the advantages of the single-subject design? Disadvantages?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast group designs with the...

Question 7

Dr. Skinner wants a pigeon to learn to peck a button in its cage. He first records how often the pigeon pecks the button. Then, after 3 days, he begins to give food to the pigeon every time it pecks the button. The pigeon's rate of pecking the button increases. After 3 days, he quits giving the pigeon food contingent on its pecking the button. The pigeon's rate of pecking the button decreases. After 3 more days, Dr. Skinner begins giving the pigeon food for pecking the button again, and its rate of pecking increases again. What kind of experimental design has Dr. Skinner used?

Accepted Answer

A)  Teaching Design 
B)  Changing Conditions Design 
C)  AB 
D)  ABAB

Question 8

According to the text, the founder of experimental psychology was

Accepted Answer

A)  E.B. Titchener 
B)  Hermann Ebbinghaus 
C)  Gustav Fechner 
D)  Wilhelm Wundt

Question 9

A major advantage of single-subject research compared to group research is that

Accepted Answer

A)  The experiment can be modified on the spot, allowing flexibility in design 
B)  There are no ethical problems with single-subject designs 
C)  There are no practical problems with single-subject designs 
D)  Group designs cannot detect differences well

Question 10

Jamal was continually late to work. In an effort to reduce this behavior, his supervisor told him that for each minute he was late to work, it would be deducted from his break time. During the week, the supervisor noticed that Jamal was no longer coming late to work. In an attempt to see if it was indeed his intervention that was the cause of Jamal's behavior change, the supervisor told him that the following Monday, there would no longer be a penalty for coming late to work. Jamal's behavior of lateness returned. Convinced, the supervisor reinstated the consequence. Jamal again began arriving to work on time. What design does this procedure describe?

Accepted Answer

A)  Teaching Design 
B)  Changing Conditions Design 
C)  ABAB 
D)  AB

Question 11

The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by:

Accepted Answer

A)  Adolphe Quetelet 
B)  Hermann Ebbinghaus 
C)  Wilhelm Wundt 
D)  Gustav Fechner

Question 12

Madge took special classes from Barbie to improve her spelling. Barbie first tested Madge's current spelling ability. Barbie was not sure what teaching method would work best, so she tried 3 different ones: positive practice, positive reinforcement, and correction. She tried a different method during each class, testing Madge's spelling at the end of the day. What design was Barbie using?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alternating Treatment 
B)  Changing Criterion 
C)  Multiple Baseline 
D)  Interaction Design

Question 13

The statistical technique of ANOVA was developed by

Accepted Answer

A)  Sir Francis Galton 
B)  R.A. Fisher 
C)  E.B. Titchener 
D)  Adolphe Quetelet

Question 14

The term clinical significance refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  the statistical significance of a clinical study 
B)  the probability that a clinical test will find a significant difference when a true difference exists in the population 
C)  the practical importance of research findings 
D)  the probability that a statistical test will have clinical significance

Question 15

A major disadvantage of single-subject research compared to group research is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the method does not allow strong conclusions to be made concerning the factors controlling the dependent variable 
B)  it is often difficult to control extraneous variables 
C)  control must be shown both within a subject and also between the subjects 
D)  subjects are too different from one another

Question 16

The most important control strategy in single-subject research is

Accepted Answer

A)  controlling for rival hypotheses 
B)  obtaining a stable baseline 
C)  random assignment of subjects to treatments 
D)  using reliable statistical techniques

Question 17

What is the name of the single-subject research design that introduces an independent variable at different times for different behaviors to see if changes in behavior coincide with manipulation of the independent variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple-baseline design 
B)  changing-criterion design 
C)  interaction design 
D)  multiple-conditions design

Question 18

Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A design?

Accepted Answer

A)  repeating the treatments 
B)  measuring the behavior before, during, and after treatment 
C)  withdrawing the treatments 
D)  obtaining a stable baseline

Question 19

Psychologists began using statistical methods

Accepted Answer

A)  To settle debates between the individual-differences and group-research tradition. 
B)  To evaluate the results of experiments in which removing variability was not possible 
C)  To make sure to draw the right conclusion about data 
D)  Because they thought that the data was more reliable than it really is

Question 20

The discovery that human traits followed the normal curve was made by

Accepted Answer