Question 1

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel 5 when she went out with Bobby. Bobby's faster breathing rate when he smells Chanel 5 is the:

Accepted Answer

A)  US. 
B)  UR. 
C)  CS. 
D)  CR.

Question 2

A friend regularly spanks his children to decrease their misbehavior. Which statement is most accurate in regard to using spanking as form of corporal punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spanking can be an effective method of punishment but carries risks of additional negative outcomes. 
B)  Spanking is an effective method of punishment and should always be used. 
C)  Spanking is not an effective method of punishment, so it should never be used. 
D)  The effects of spanking have not been well researched, so it should not be used.

Question 3

Stimulus generalization occurs:

Accepted Answer

A)  only when a response is followed by a reinforcer. 
B)  only to those with a high capacity to learn. 
C)  after extinction. 
D)  when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the CS.

Question 4

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is__________ and thus __________the probability of a response.

Accepted Answer

A)  removed; increases 
B)  removed; decreases 
C)  presented; increases 
D)  presented; decreases

Question 5

When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a _____________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  ratio 
B)  interval 
C)  conditioned 
D)  time-delayed

Question 6

In classical conditioning the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response even without new learning is called the:

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  reflexive stimulus. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  orienting stimulus.

Question 7

Because dogs do not need to be conditioned to salivate to food, salivation to food is a(n) ______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned response 
B)  conditioned reflex 
C)  unconditioned response 
D)  neutral response

Question 8

Pete cannot seem to stop checking the change slots of vending machines. Although he usually does not find any money, occasionally he finds a quarter. Despite the low levels of reinforcement, this behavior is likely to persist due to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  escape learning 
B)  the partial reinforcement effect 
C)  positive punishment 
D)  generalization

Question 9

Billy throws rocks. Each time he throws a rock, he is immediately spanked. Spanking is a ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcer 
B)  negative reinforcer 
C)  secondary reinforcer 
D)  punishment

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  giving children candy for completing their homework 
B)  removing a child's chores when he or she completes homework 
C)  ending class 10 minutes early if students work hard during class 
D)  taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules

Question 11

Which of the following statements about punishment is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Punishment does not always work. 
B)  Rewards should always immediately follow punishments. 
C)  Effective punishment is consistent punishment. 
D)  In itself, punishment serves to inhibit responses.

Question 12

When Luke kisses Laura, her heart rate increases. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Laura's increased heart rate when Luke kissed her was the:

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned response.

Question 13

Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement 
B)  associations 
C)  cognitive processes 
D)  punishment

Question 14

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  a sandwich 
B)  praise 
C)  money 
D)  grades

Question 15

A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is called a(n) __________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive 
B)  additive 
C)  primary 
D)  secondary

Question 16

Paul is coming down with the flu, but he eats spaghetti anyway and subsequently becomes violently ill. A month later he sees that spaghetti is being served in the dining hall and is overcome by nausea. What type of learning is illustrated by this episode?

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  cognitive learning 
C)  latent learning 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 17

A reinforcer is a consequence that ______________ the likelihood of a behavior, and a punisher is a consequence that ____________ the likelihood of a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases; increases 
B)  decreases; decreases 
C)  decreases; increases 
D)  increases; decreases

Question 18

A person originally feared great heights, such as standing on top of tall buildings. Now the person has also developed fears of flying in airplanes, standing on ladders, and even watching high-wire artists perform. These new fears are probably the result of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling 
B)  discrimination 
C)  stimulus generalization 
D)  response generalization

Question 19

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  insight. 
B)  the formation of a cognitive map. 
C)  unconscious trial-and-error imagery. 
D)  spontaneous recovery.

Question 20

Why is it so much easier to learn to fear snakes than to fear guns?

Accepted Answer

A)  preparedness 
B)  psychopathy 
C)  taste aversion 
D)  conditioned responses

Exam 6: Learning