Question 1

_______ is the tendency to solve new problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems.

Accepted Answer

A)   Confirmation bias
B)   A mental set
C)   Hindsight bias
D)   The framing effect B

Question 2

_______ is the tendency to solve new problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems.

Accepted Answer

A)   Confirmation bias
B)   A mental set
C)   Hindsight bias
D)   The framing effect B

Question 3

Malcolm is learning to speak Italian and is on a date at an Italian restaurant where the waiters speak Italian to the customers. Malcolm can't understand everything the waiter says but wants to impress his date so when he is confused he simply says "si" (meaning 'yes'). The dinner goes very well. What strategy did Malcolm use to make the dinner go smoothly?

Accepted Answer

A)   an algorithm
B)   a heuristic
C)   mindlessness
D)   cognitive schemas B

Question 4

Define your terms! In Chapter 1, we learned that this was an important guideline with regard to critical thinking. People refer to intelligence all the time, but how is intelligence usually defined? Does the musical genius of a world-class violinist count as intelligence? Based on your reading of Chapter 9, describe different ways that intelligence has been defined.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define your terms! In Chapter 1, we...

Question 5

Without _________ intelligence, it is difficult to acquire tacit knowledge.

Accepted Answer

A)   componential
B)   contextual
C)   experiential
D)   metacognitive

Question 6

Which of the following is a characteristic of formal reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A)   The information needed to solve the problem may be unclear or missing.
B)   There is typically one correct answer.
C)   You often need to decide which of the many possible solutions is the most "reasonable."
D)   It is a type of nonconscious responding.

Question 7

Tiffany tells her husband that she thinks their dog is embarrassed to be walked around the neighborhood in the sweater that she knitted for him. This is almost certainly an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)   divergent thinking.
B)   stereotype threat.
C)   anthropodenial.
D)   anthropomorphism.

Question 8

Dialectical reasoning involves:

Accepted Answer

A)   comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to determine the best solution.
B)   drawing conclusions from a set of observations or premises.
C)   generalizing from past experience.
D)   using an algorithm to solve a problem.

Question 9

________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.

Accepted Answer

A)   Anthropomorphism
B)   Anthropodenial
C)   Convergent thinking
D)   Divergent thinking

Question 10

When Howie's previous girlfriend used to get upset with him, he could smooth things over by buying flowers or chocolates for her. He keeps trying this strategy with his current girlfriend, but she gets angry with him each time. It appears that Howie has developed a _______________, which is interfering with the development of a new relationship strategy.

Accepted Answer

A)   mental set
B)   fairness bias
C)   hindsight bias
D)   confirmation bias

Question 11

Reggie is a Green Party supporter. He goes out of his way to read articles about the achievements of the Green Party, but doesn't pay any attention to articles that are critical of the party and its candidates. Reggie is exhibiting:

Accepted Answer

A)   confirmation bias.
B)   a mental set.
C)   hindsight bias.
D)   the framing effect.

Question 12

Which of the following is most likely to be a prototype of the concept "fruit" for someone who grew up in the American Midwest?

Accepted Answer

A)   pineapple
B)   apple
C)   star fruit
D)   kiwi

Question 13

On a trip to Australia, Caleb sees an ibis for the first time. Despite never having seen one before, he uses his ______________ for bird to quickly identify the ibis as a type of bird.

Accepted Answer

A)   mental set
B)   concept
C)   algorithm
D)   proposition

Question 14

According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, there are three kinds of intelligence. ________ intelligence refers to the information processing strategies you draw on when you are thinking intelligently about a problem.

Accepted Answer

A)   Creative
B)   Componential
C)   Contextual
D)   Experiential

Question 15

The ________ involves consulting one's emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively.

Accepted Answer

A)   availability heuristic
B)   affect heuristic
C)   framing effect
D)   hindsight bias

Question 16

Mayim is making her famous chili. Instead of measuring the amount of chopped peppers to add, she knows that a handful is "usually about right." This illustrates the use of a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)   heuristic.
B)   prototype.
C)   algorithm.
D)   mental image.

Question 17

Without _________, it is difficult to acquire tacit knowledge.

Accepted Answer

A)   componential intelligence
B)   contextual intelligence
C)   experiential intelligence
D)   metacognitive intelligence

Question 18

Diana and Erin are not able to figure out how they can fit two cupboards, a futon, a computer, and a refrigerator into their small dorm room. Just when it seems hopeless, Erin says, "Aha, I've got it!" and begins moving the items around. Erin's sudden revelation is most likely due to:

Accepted Answer

A)   simplifying the process by imagining a prototype of a college dorm room and then making a decision based on the prototype.
B)   clues that triggered nonconscious processing about the room arrangement followed by conscious awareness of the solution.
C)   subconscious processing and automatic routines that she has learned so that she can perform them without thinking.
D)   the ability to multitask in an efficient manner.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the hindsight bias?

Accepted Answer

A)   the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief
B)   the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known
C)   the tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems
D)   the tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain

Question 20

How does the cognitive approach to intelligence research differ from the psychometric approach? How do the two approaches define intelligence?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does the cognitive approach to intelligence...

Exam 9: Thinking and Intelligence

_______ is the tendency to solve new problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems.

_______ is the tendency to solve new problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems.

Without _________ intelligence, it is difficult to acquire tacit knowledge.

Which of the following is a characteristic of formal reasoning?

Tiffany tells her husband that she thinks their dog is embarrassed to be walked around the neighborhood in the sweater that she knitted for him. This is almost certainly an example of:

Dialectical reasoning involves:

________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.

Reggie is a Green Party supporter. He goes out of his way to read articles about the achievements of the Green Party, but doesn't pay any attention to articles that are critical of the party and its candidates. Reggie is exhibiting:

Which of the following is most likely to be a prototype of the concept "fruit" for someone who grew up in the American Midwest?

On a trip to Australia, Caleb sees an ibis for the first time. Despite never having seen one before, he uses his ______________ for bird to quickly identify the ibis as a type of bird.

According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, there are three kinds of intelligence. ________ intelligence refers to the information processing strategies you draw on when you are thinking intelligently about a problem.

The ________ involves consulting one's emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively.

Mayim is making her famous chili. Instead of measuring the amount of chopped peppers to add, she knows that a handful is "usually about right." This illustrates the use of a(n) :

Without _________, it is difficult to acquire tacit knowledge.

Diana and Erin are not able to figure out how they can fit two cupboards, a futon, a computer, and a refrigerator into their small dorm room. Just when it seems hopeless, Erin says, "Aha, I've got it!" and begins moving the items around. Erin's sudden revelation is most likely due to:

Which of the following best describes the hindsight bias?

How does the cognitive approach to intelligence research differ from the psychometric approach? How do the two approaches define intelligence?