Question 1

Raymond Cattell advanced the study of personality by:

Accepted Answer

A)   developing case-study analysis.
B)   rejecting early Greek theories of personality.
C)   devising the Myers-Briggs inventory.
D)   using factor analysis. D

Question 2

Carl Jung would have agreed that:

Accepted Answer

A)   Darth Vader and dragons represent the shadow archetype.
B)   the collective unconscious differs for each person.
C)   human personality is mostly driven by "dark" forces.
D)   past conflicts provide the only motivation for current behaviours. A

Question 3

Members of collectivist cultures:

Accepted Answer

A)   give priority to personal goals.
B)   value duty, obligation, and security.
C)   explain behaviour by looking at the person's attitudes and preferences.
D)   value achievement, leadership, and self-fulfillment. B

Question 4

Three crucial aspects of the environment are parents, peers, and particular situations. How much, and in what ways, do each of these aspects contribute to personality?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Three crucial aspects of the environment are...

Question 5

Which of the following describes the general relationship between genes and personality?

Accepted Answer

A)   A genetic predisposition does not necessarily imply genetic inevitability.
B)   Personality problems that have a genetic component will inevitably occur if a person has the particular gene(s) .
C)   In spite of genetic dispositions and temperament, we can transform our personality completely.
D)   Personality problems that have a genetic component are permanent.

Question 6

Carl Rogers would have agreed that:

Accepted Answer

A)   a parent can correct a child's behaviour without withdrawing love from the child.
B)   punishment is of major importance in becoming a fully functioning person.
C)   positive regard from a parent is only effective if it is revoked when a child misbehaves.
D)   human nature involves a fear of freedom, loneliness, and the struggle for meaning.

Question 7

What is meant by a "culture of honour"? According to Richard Nisbett, what role does one's means of livelihood (herding versus agriculture) play in this culture?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is meant by a "culture of...

Question 8

For Rollo May, our personalities reflect:

Accepted Answer

A)   a few central traits and a greater number of secondary traits.
B)   the ways we cope with the struggle to find meaning in existence.
C)   whether or not a person received unconditional positive regard throughout childhood.
D)   a gradual progression toward self-actualization.

Question 9

During a grade school field trip, Ryan and his friends were running down a hill when he stepped on a snake. He was unharmed but shaken by the experience. When one of his friends mentioned the incident months later, Ryan could not remember running down the hill that day. Sigmund Freud would say that this is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)   sublimation.
B)   displacement.
C)   repression.
D)   regression.

Question 10

Developmental psychologists have attempted to identify the effects of many specific childrearing practices on children's personality traits. The problem with this line of research, which was discussed in the textbook, is that:

Accepted Answer

A)   parents who use physical punishment won't be honest with the researchers.
B)   psychologists cannot agree on whether to use cross-sectional or longitudinal approaches.
C)   it is difficult to recruit parents to serve as participants in this research.
D)   parents are inconsistent from day to day and over the years.

Question 11

Which defence mechanism involves unconscious expulsion or conscious suppression of disturbing material from awareness?

Accepted Answer

A)   repression
B)   regression
C)   displacement
D)   projection

Question 12

Which of the following is true of an individualist culture?

Accepted Answer

A)   Group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual.
B)   The self is defined in the context of relationships.
C)   The independence of the individual often takes precedence over the needs of the group.
D)   The sense of self is viewed as more flexible than it is in collectivist cultures.

Question 13

_______________ is defined as a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviours, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual.

Accepted Answer

A)   A trait
B)   Personality
C)   Reciprocal determinism
D)   Ego

Question 14

In a study comparing Japanese and Americans, the Japanese reported that their sense of self, in different situations, changes:

Accepted Answer

A)   5 percent to 10 percent.
B)   20 percent to 30 percent.
C)   55 percent to 59 percent.
D)   90 percent to 99 percent.

Question 15

According to Sigmund Freud, which psychosexual stage is most crucial for the formation of personality?

Accepted Answer

A)   the oral stage
B)   the anal stage
C)   the phallic stage
D)   the genital stage

Question 16

Who among the following is one of the leaders of the humanist movement in psychology?

Accepted Answer

A)   Sigmund Freud
B)   Carl Jung
C)   Raymond Cattell
D)   Carl Rogers

Question 17

If parents accept Carl Rogers's approach to personality development, then they are likely to respond in which of the following ways when their daughter kicks her little brother?

Accepted Answer

A)   "How can you be such a mean child? Now you'll go to your room for 30 minutes."
B)   "Our rule is that it's not OK to hurt one another."
C)   "If you don't you're your brother you are sorry, then Mommy won't kiss you goodnight."
D)   "You are a horrible kid for kicking your little brother."

Question 18

Which of the following is an emphasis shared by all psychodynamic theories?

Accepted Answer

A)   an emphasis on unconscious processes within the mind
B)   an emphasis on our uniquely human capacity to determine our own actions and futures
C)   an emphasis on adult experiences as the cause of ongoing problems
D)   an emphasis on the heritability of temperaments

Question 19

Howard's psychologist asks him to take a personality test. The test consists of a series of standardized multiple-choice items. The test also includes a section where Howard is asked to rate himself on a series of scales. It is most likely that this is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)   projective test.
B)   objective test.
C)   Rorschach test.
D)   humanist test.

Question 20

According to Carl Jung, part of the legacy of human history is a:

Accepted Answer

A)   womb envy shared by all men, consisting of universal symbols of the "Earth Mother."
B)   penis envy shared by all women, consisting of universal memories of the "Powerful Father."
C)   collective unconscious shared by all human beings containing universal memories, symbols, and images.
D)   liturgical unconscious shared by all human beings containing symbols from each of the major world religions.

Exam 14: Theories of Personality