Question 1

Hermaphrodism is

Accepted Answer

A)  rare in species that engage in brood care. 
B)  common in mobile aquatic animals. 
C)  common in species that actively seek mates. 
D)  rare in flowering plants. 
A)  rare in species that engage in brood care. 
B)  common in mobile aquatic animals. 
C)  common in species that actively seek mates. 
D)  rare in flowering plants.

Question 2

One of the downsides of selfing in hermaphrodites is inbreeding depression. How does inbreeding depression impair fitness?

Accepted Answer

Inbreeding depression occurs w

Question 3

Which is NOT a benefit of extra-pair copulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased fitness of offspring due to better genotype 
B)  increased fitness of extra male due to increased numbers of offspring 
C)  increased fitness of monogamous female due to greater fitness of offspring 
D)  increased fitness of monogamous male due to less energy expended on reproduction 
A)  increased fitness of offspring due to better genotype 
B)  increased fitness of extra male due to increased numbers of offspring 
C)  increased fitness of monogamous female due to greater fitness of offspring 
D)  increased fitness of monogamous male due to less energy expended on reproduction

Question 4

Some species of anglerfish have a unique mating strategy. Males are significantly smaller than females, and early in development they permanently attach to females. A female usually has multiple males attached, and when the female is ready to reproduce, one of the attached males provides sperm for fertilization. This mating strategy is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  polyandry. 
B)  promiscuity. 
C)  polygyny. 
D)  monogamy. 
A)  polyandry. 
B)  promiscuity. 
C)  polygyny. 
D)  monogamy.

Question 5

Fig wasp populations contain a high proportion of females to males because of local mate competition. This occurs because

Accepted Answer

A)  most of the females do not mate, so fewer males are required. 
B)  a large number of females can mate with a single male. 
C)  females reproduce asexually, which does not require males. 
D)  higher temperatures inside figs result in mostly female offspring. 
A)  most of the females do not mate, so fewer males are required. 
B)  a large number of females can mate with a single male. 
C)  females reproduce asexually, which does not require males. 
D)  higher temperatures inside figs result in mostly female offspring.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which organisms can purge deleterious mutations?

Accepted Answer

A)  random assortment in meiosis 
B)  production of homozygous recessive nonviable offspring 
C)  random assortment in mitosis 
D)  production of offspring without the mutation 
A)  random assortment in meiosis 
B)  production of homozygous recessive nonviable offspring 
C)  random assortment in mitosis 
D)  production of offspring without the mutation

Question 7

Asexual reproduction

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs when offspring are produced by two parents without copulation. 
B)  occurs when offspring are produced by and receive genetic material from only one parent. 
C)  occurs when offspring are produced by and receive genetic material from both parents. 
D)  is accomplished only via parthenogenesis. 
E)  is accomplished only via vegetative reproduction. 
A)  occurs when offspring are produced by two parents without copulation. 
B)  occurs when offspring are produced by and receive genetic material from only one parent. 
C)  occurs when offspring are produced by and receive genetic material from both parents. 
D)  is accomplished only via parthenogenesis. 
E)  is accomplished only via vegetative reproduction.

Question 8

All of the following are benefits of sexual reproduction EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)  mutations are more likely to be purged. 
B)  offspring are more likely to possess traits to help cope with future environmental challenges. 
C)  offspring are likely to have greater fitness than asexually produced offspring. 
D)  offspring are better able to fight the evolutionary arms race. 
A)  mutations are more likely to be purged. 
B)  offspring are more likely to possess traits to help cope with future environmental challenges. 
C)  offspring are likely to have greater fitness than asexually produced offspring. 
D)  offspring are better able to fight the evolutionary arms race.

Question 9

According to the handicap principle, in an honest signal the perceived advantage linked to the disadvantageous trait is

Accepted Answer

A)  directly beneficial to the female. 
B)  genetically linked to the sexual trait. 
C)  inherited by offspring. 
D)  not inherited by offspring. 
A)  directly beneficial to the female. 
B)  genetically linked to the sexual trait. 
C)  inherited by offspring. 
D)  not inherited by offspring.

Question 10

Which is TRUE about monogamy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insects often form monogamous relationships because males provide significant parental care to offspring. 
B)  Monogamous relationships are most beneficial when males provide significant parental care to offspring. 
C)  Animals in monogamous relationships do not mate outside of the relationship. 
D)  Birds rarely form monogamous relationships because offspring require less parental care. 
A)  Insects often form monogamous relationships because males provide significant parental care to offspring. 
B)  Monogamous relationships are most beneficial when males provide significant parental care to offspring. 
C)  Animals in monogamous relationships do not mate outside of the relationship. 
D)  Birds rarely form monogamous relationships because offspring require less parental care.

Question 11

Sexual traits that are disadvantageous to male survival may be attractive to a female because they suggest the male possesses a superior genotype to counteract the disadvantageous trait. This is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  runaway sexual selection. 
B)  the handicap principle. 
C)  the good genes hypothesis. 
D)  the good health hypothesis. 
A)  runaway sexual selection. 
B)  the handicap principle. 
C)  the good genes hypothesis. 
D)  the good health hypothesis.

Question 12

An individual that uses its male gametes to fertilize its female gametes is reproducing through

Accepted Answer

A)  outcrossing. 
B)  self-fertilization. 
C)  cloning. 
D)  parthenogenesis. 
A)  outcrossing. 
B)  self-fertilization. 
C)  cloning. 
D)  parthenogenesis.

Question 13

Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?

Accepted Answer

A)  testicles of males 
B)  mammary tissues of females 
C)  fallopian tubes of females 
D)  tusks of male elephants 
A)  testicles of males 
B)  mammary tissues of females 
C)  fallopian tubes of females 
D)  tusks of male elephants

Question 14

Why might female widow birds (Euplectes progne) chose males with longer tails even though there are no material benefits to long tails?

Accepted Answer

A)  Long tails in males might indicate a good genetic composition (good genes hypothesis). 
B)  Long tails in males might indicate good overall health of males (good health hypothesis). 
C)  Both a and b are possible. 
D)  Neither a nor b is possible. 
A)  Long tails in males might indicate a good genetic composition (good genes hypothesis). 
B)  Long tails in males might indicate good overall health of males (good health hypothesis). 
C)  Both a and b are possible. 
D)  Neither a nor b is possible.

Question 15

What process produces gametes for sexual reproduction?

Accepted Answer

A)  mitosis 
B)  binary fission 
C)  clonal duplication 
D)  meiosis 
E)  parthenogenesis 
A)  mitosis 
B)  binary fission 
C)  clonal duplication 
D)  meiosis 
E)  parthenogenesis

Question 16

A peacock is significantly more colourful than a peahen and has a much larger tail. These traits allow the peacock to attract a mate but also make the peacock more visible to predators. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  runaway sexual selection. 
B)  sexual conflict. 
C)  the handicap principle. 
D)  the good genes hypothesis. 
A)  runaway sexual selection. 
B)  sexual conflict. 
C)  the handicap principle. 
D)  the good genes hypothesis.

Question 17

Why has the microbe Wolbachia evolved mechanisms to alter the sex ratio of fruit flies and mosquitos?

Accepted Answer

A)  Wolbachia is passed only through infected eggs. 
B)  Wolbachia reproduce only in males. 
C)  Females are more susceptible to Wolbachia than males. 
D)  Males are more susceptible to Wolbachia than females. 
A)  Wolbachia is passed only through infected eggs. 
B)  Wolbachia reproduce only in males. 
C)  Females are more susceptible to Wolbachia than males. 
D)  Males are more susceptible to Wolbachia than females.

Question 18

Why might an organism self-fertilize rather than outcross?

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-fertilization reduces inbreeding depression. 
B)  Self-fertilization produces more viable offspring than outcrossing. 
C)  Attracting mates is expensive. 
D)  Self-fertilization produces more offspring than outcrossing. 
A)  Self-fertilization reduces inbreeding depression. 
B)  Self-fertilization produces more viable offspring than outcrossing. 
C)  Attracting mates is expensive. 
D)  Self-fertilization produces more offspring than outcrossing.

Question 19

Which describes a plant with perfect flowers?

Accepted Answer

A)  An individual plant whose flowers contain either female structures or male structures but not both. 
B)  An individual plant with flowers that contain female structures and flowers that contain male structures. 
C)  An individual plant whose flowers contain neither female nor male structures. 
D)  An individual plant whose flowers contain both female and male structures. 
A)  An individual plant whose flowers contain either female structures or male structures but not both. 
B)  An individual plant with flowers that contain female structures and flowers that contain male structures. 
C)  An individual plant whose flowers contain neither female nor male structures. 
D)  An individual plant whose flowers contain both female and male structures.

Question 20

The male golden orb-weaving spider (Nephila clavipes) dies while still joined with the female following copulation. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  extra-pair copulation. 
B)  mate guarding. 
C)  monogamy. 
D)  the handicap principle. 
A)  extra-pair copulation. 
B)  mate guarding. 
C)  monogamy. 
D)  the handicap principle.

Exam 9: Reproductive Strategies

Hermaphrodism is

One of the downsides of selfing in hermaphrodites is inbreeding depression. How does inbreeding depression impair fitness?

Which is NOT a benefit of extra-pair copulation?

Fig wasp populations contain a high proportion of females to males because of local mate competition. This occurs because

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which organisms can purge deleterious mutations?

Asexual reproduction

All of the following are benefits of sexual reproduction EXCEPT that

According to the handicap principle, in an honest signal the perceived advantage linked to the disadvantageous trait is

Which is TRUE about monogamy?

Sexual traits that are disadvantageous to male survival may be attractive to a female because they suggest the male possesses a superior genotype to counteract the disadvantageous trait. This is known as

An individual that uses its male gametes to fertilize its female gametes is reproducing through

Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?

Why might female widow birds (Euplectes progne) chose males with longer tails even though there are no material benefits to long tails?

What process produces gametes for sexual reproduction?

A peacock is significantly more colourful than a peahen and has a much larger tail. These traits allow the peacock to attract a mate but also make the peacock more visible to predators. This is an example of

Why has the microbe Wolbachia evolved mechanisms to alter the sex ratio of fruit flies and mosquitos?

Why might an organism self-fertilize rather than outcross?

Which describes a plant with perfect flowers?

The male golden orb-weaving spider (Nephila clavipes) dies while still joined with the female following copulation. This is an example of

Introduction: Ecology, Evolution, and the Scientific Method

Adaptations to Aquatic Environments

Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments

Adaptations to Variable Environments

Climates and Soils

Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes

Evolution and Adaptation

Life Histories

Social Behaviours

Population Distributions

Population Growth and Regulation

Population Dynamics Over Space and Time

Predation and Herbivory

Parasitism and Infectious Diseases

Competition

Community Structure

Community Succession

Movement of Energy in Ecosystems

Movement of Elements in Ecosystems

Landscape Ecology, Biogeography, and Global Biodiversity

Global Conservation of Biodiversity

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