Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a strategy that leaf cutter ants use to avoid parasitoid flies specialized to hunt large ants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Small ants forage during the day, when the flies are active. 
B)  Large ants forage at night, when the flies are inactive. 
C)  Small ants guard larger ants during the day, when the flies are active. 
D)  Small ants perform all foraging tasks for the ant colony. 
A)  Small ants forage during the day, when the flies are active. 
B)  Large ants forage at night, when the flies are inactive. 
C)  Small ants guard larger ants during the day, when the flies are active. 
D)  Small ants perform all foraging tasks for the ant colony.

Question 2

For calculations of the indirect fitness benefit of altruistic behaviour and kin selection, r is the

Accepted Answer

A)  coefficient of relatedness between the donor and recipient. 
B)  benefit given to a recipient relative. 
C)  direct fitness cost to the donor. 
D)  indirect fitness cost to the donor. 
A)  coefficient of relatedness between the donor and recipient. 
B)  benefit given to a recipient relative. 
C)  direct fitness cost to the donor. 
D)  indirect fitness cost to the donor.

Question 3

In the social interaction of altruism, the donor receives a(n) ?????_____ in fitness and the recipient receives a(n) _____ in fitness.

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease; increase 
B)  decrease; decrease 
C)  increase; increase 
D)  increase; decrease 
A)  decrease; increase 
B)  decrease; decrease 
C)  increase; increase 
D)  increase; decrease

Question 4

Which statement about social interactions is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  The recipient is the individual who directs behaviour toward another individual, the donor. 
B)  Donors and recipients direct behaviours toward one another. 
C)  The donor is the individual who directs behaviour toward another donor. 
D)  The donor is the individual who directs behaviour toward another individual, the recipient. 
A)  The recipient is the individual who directs behaviour toward another individual, the donor. 
B)  Donors and recipients direct behaviours toward one another. 
C)  The donor is the individual who directs behaviour toward another donor. 
D)  The donor is the individual who directs behaviour toward another individual, the recipient.

Question 5

Animals that live in groups have a reduced individual probability of predation. This is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  dilution effect. 
B)  a lek. 
C)  altruism. 
D)  cooperation. 
A)  dilution effect. 
B)  a lek. 
C)  altruism. 
D)  cooperation.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an ecosystem process associated with eusocial insects?

Accepted Answer

A)  pollination 
B)  consuming detritus 
C)  herbivory 
D)  nutrient cycling 
A)  pollination 
B)  consuming detritus 
C)  herbivory 
D)  nutrient cycling

Question 7

Territoriality develops when

Accepted Answer

A)  a resource can be defended. 
B)  the benefits of defending a resource outweigh the costs. 
C)  fitness is increased by having the territory. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  a resource can be defended. 
B)  the benefits of defending a resource outweigh the costs. 
C)  fitness is increased by having the territory. 
D)  all of the above

Question 8

In the example of the ruff (Philomachus pugnax), researchers found that males in leks had more success in

Accepted Answer

A)  attracting females. 
B)  copulating with females. 
C)  attracting females and copulating with females. 
D)  none of the above 
A)  attracting females. 
B)  copulating with females. 
C)  attracting females and copulating with females. 
D)  none of the above

Question 9

The worker caste in bees consists entirely of

Accepted Answer

A)  reproductive females in an arrested stage of development. 
B)  reproductive females. 
C)  reproductive males in an arrested stage of development. 
D)  reproductive males. 
A)  reproductive females in an arrested stage of development. 
B)  reproductive females. 
C)  reproductive males in an arrested stage of development. 
D)  reproductive males.

Question 10

An area defended by one or more individuals against intrusion by others is

Accepted Answer

A)  a dominance hierarchy. 
B)  a lek. 
C)  a home range. 
D)  a territory. 
A)  a dominance hierarchy. 
B)  a lek. 
C)  a home range. 
D)  a territory.

Question 11

What is another term for kin selection?

Accepted Answer

A)  indirect selection 
B)  direct selection 
C)  natural selection 
D)  sexual selection 
A)  indirect selection 
B)  direct selection 
C)  natural selection 
D)  sexual selection

Question 12

When leaf cutter ants age and become less efficient at their tasks, they

Accepted Answer

A)  are killed. 
B)  change tasks. 
C)  are evicted from the colony. 
D)  are eaten by other colony members. 
A)  are killed. 
B)  change tasks. 
C)  are evicted from the colony. 
D)  are eaten by other colony members.

Question 13

Altruism is likely to evolve when

Accepted Answer

A) B/C > r. B) C/B > r. C) C/B < r. D) C/B = r. A) B/C > r. B) C/B > r. C) C/B < r. D) C/B = r.

Question 14

This table shows fitness data for 2 years in a population of kingfishers. Calculate the total inclusive fitness of the primary helper, secondary helper, and delayer for both years. Which strategy would be favoured?

Accepted Answer

Inclusive fitness = indirect fitness + d

Question 15

The term henpecked in chickens refers to chickens pecking at injured spots on other chickens, exacerbating the original injury. How did researchers overcome the problem of henpecked chickens?

Accepted Answer

Researchers started grouping chickens by

Question 16

Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) perform mating displays at leks alone or in coalitions of related males. In the coalitions, only dominant males copulate with females. Why do nondominant males join coalitions?

Accepted Answer

A)  A nondominant male obtains greater inclusive fitness by helping a brother mate than by mating on his own. 
B)  A nondominant male obtains greater direct fitness by helping his brother mate than by mating on his own. 
C)  A nondominant male obtains less indirect fitness by helping his brother mate than by mating on his own. 
D)  A nondominant male may eventually become the dominant male in a coalition. 
A)  A nondominant male obtains greater inclusive fitness by helping a brother mate than by mating on his own. 
B)  A nondominant male obtains greater direct fitness by helping his brother mate than by mating on his own. 
C)  A nondominant male obtains less indirect fitness by helping his brother mate than by mating on his own. 
D)  A nondominant male may eventually become the dominant male in a coalition.

Question 17

In the wattled jacana (Jacana jacana), a species of tropical wading bird, all brood care is performed by males. Females protect nests and defend territory. Females sometimes attack and kill chicks cared for by a male. The male then fertilizes the female attacker and cares for the resulting young. This type of social interaction is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  cooperation. 
B)  selfishness. 
C)  spitefulness. 
D)  altruism. 
A)  cooperation. 
B)  selfishness. 
C)  spitefulness. 
D)  altruism.

Question 18

If the direct fitness cost to a donor is 6 and the indirect fitness benefit to the recipient is 30, is altruistic behaviour likely to evolve between cousins? Is the altruistic behaviour likely to evolve between full siblings?

Accepted Answer

C/B = 6/30 = 0.2
Since the cost-benefit

Question 19

The evolution of altruistic behaviour is most likely to be between

Accepted Answer

A)  parent and offspring. 
B)  identical twins. 
C)  cousins. 
D)  half siblings. 
A)  parent and offspring. 
B)  identical twins. 
C)  cousins. 
D)  half siblings.

Question 20

In haplodiploid mating systems, nonqueen females are

Accepted Answer

A)  haploid and fertile. 
B)  haploid and infertile. 
C)  diploid and fertile. 
D)  diploid and infertile. 
A)  haploid and fertile. 
B)  haploid and infertile. 
C)  diploid and fertile. 
D)  diploid and infertile.

Exam 10: Social Behaviours

Which of the following is NOT a strategy that leaf cutter ants use to avoid parasitoid flies specialized to hunt large ants?

For calculations of the indirect fitness benefit of altruistic behaviour and kin selection, r is the

In the social interaction of altruism, the donor receives a(n) ?????_____ in fitness and the recipient receives a(n) _____ in fitness.

Which statement about social interactions is TRUE?

Animals that live in groups have a reduced individual probability of predation. This is known as

Which of the following is NOT an ecosystem process associated with eusocial insects?

Territoriality develops when

In the example of the ruff (Philomachus pugnax), researchers found that males in leks had more success in

The worker caste in bees consists entirely of

An area defended by one or more individuals against intrusion by others is

What is another term for kin selection?

When leaf cutter ants age and become less efficient at their tasks, they

Altruism is likely to evolve when

This table shows fitness data for 2 years in a population of kingfishers. Calculate the total inclusive fitness of the primary helper, secondary helper, and delayer for both years. Which strategy would be favoured?

The term henpecked in chickens refers to chickens pecking at injured spots on other chickens, exacerbating the original injury. How did researchers overcome the problem of henpecked chickens?

Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) perform mating displays at leks alone or in coalitions of related males. In the coalitions, only dominant males copulate with females. Why do nondominant males join coalitions?

If the direct fitness cost to a donor is 6 and the indirect fitness benefit to the recipient is 30, is altruistic behaviour likely to evolve between cousins? Is the altruistic behaviour likely to evolve between full siblings?

The evolution of altruistic behaviour is most likely to be between

In haplodiploid mating systems, nonqueen females are

Introduction: Ecology, Evolution, and the Scientific Method

Adaptations to Aquatic Environments

Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments

Adaptations to Variable Environments

Climates and Soils

Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes

Evolution and Adaptation

Life Histories

Reproductive Strategies

Population Distributions

Population Growth and Regulation

Population Dynamics Over Space and Time

Predation and Herbivory

Parasitism and Infectious Diseases

Competition

Community Structure

Community Succession

Movement of Energy in Ecosystems

Movement of Elements in Ecosystems

Landscape Ecology, Biogeography, and Global Biodiversity

Global Conservation of Biodiversity

Filters

In the social interaction of altruism, the donor receives a(n) ?????_ in fitness and the recipient receives a(n) _ in fitness.